кум
Eastern Mari
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Proto-Mari *kŭm, from Proto-Uralic *kolme. Cognate with Western Mari кым (kym).
Numeral
[edit]кум • (kum) (long form/predicative кумыт)
| 30 | ||
| [a], [b] ← 2 | 3 | 4 → [a], [b] |
|---|---|---|
| Cardinal: кум (kum), кумыт (kumyt) Ordinal: кумшо (kumšo) | ||
- three
- кум сутка
- kum sutka
- three days
Etymology 2
[edit]Borrowed from Russian кум (kum).
Noun
[edit]кум • (kum)
- godfather
- father (of one's godchild)
- (figuratively) nepotism, favoritism/favouritism
- пашаште кум лийшаш огыл
- pašašte kum ĺijšaš ogyl
- you shouldn't show favoritism in work
Declension
[edit]| singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | кум (kum) | кум-влак (kum-vlak) | |
| accusative | кумым (kumym) | кум-влакым (kum-vlakym) | |
| genitive | кумын (kumyn) | кум-влакын (kum-vlakyn) | |
| dative | кумлан (kumlan) | кум-влаклан (kum-vlaklan) | |
| comitative | кумге (kumge) | кум-влакге (kum-vlakge) | |
| comparative | кумла (kumla) | кум-влакла (kum-vlakla) | |
| inessive | кумышто (kumyšto) | кум-влакыште (kum-vlakyšte) | |
| illative | short | кумыш (kumyš) | кум-влакыш (kum-vlakyš) |
| long | кумышко (kumyško) | кум-влакышке (kum-vlakyške) | |
| lative | кумеш (kumeš) | кум-влакеш (kum-vlakeš) | |
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person | кумем (kumem) | кумна (kumna) |
| 2nd person | кумет (kumet) | кумда (kumda) |
| 3rd person | кумжо (kumžo) | кумышт (kumyšt) |
References
[edit]- J. Bradley et al. (2023), “кум”, in The Mari Web Project: Mari-English Dictionary, University of Vienna
Kyrgyz
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Turkic *kum.
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]кум • (kum) (Arabic spelling قۇم)
- sand (finely ground rock)
Declension
[edit]| singular (жекелик) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| possession → case ↓ |
— | first-person singular (менин) |
second-person singular informal (сенин) |
second-person singular formal (сиздин) |
third-person singular/plural (анын/алардын) |
first-person plural (биздин) |
second-person plural informal (силердин) |
second-person plural formal (сиздердин) |
| nominative (атооч) | кум kum |
кумум kumum |
кумуң kumuŋ |
кумуңуз kumuŋuz |
куму kumu |
кумубуз kumubuz |
кумуңар kumuŋar |
кумуңуздар kumuŋuzdar |
| genitive (илик) | кумдун kumdun |
кумумдун kumumdun |
кумуңдун kumuŋdun |
кумуңуздун kumuŋuzdun |
кумунун kumunun |
кумубуздун kumubuzdun |
кумуңардын kumuŋardın |
кумуңуздардын kumuŋuzdardın |
| dative (барыш) | кумга kumga |
кумума kumuma |
кумуңа kumuŋa |
кумуңузга kumuŋuzga |
кумуна kumuna |
кумубузга kumubuzga |
кумуңарга kumuŋarga |
кумуңуздарга kumuŋuzdarga |
| accusative (табыш) | кумду kumdu |
кумумду kumumdu |
кумуңду kumuŋdu |
кумуңузду kumuŋuzdu |
кумун kumun |
кумубузду kumubuzdu |
кумуңарды kumuŋardı |
кумуңуздарды kumuŋuzdardı |
| locative (жатыш) | кумда kumda |
кумумда kumumda |
кумуңда kumuŋda |
кумуңузда kumuŋuzda |
кумунда kumunda |
кумубузда kumubuzda |
кумуңарда kumuŋarda |
кумуңуздарда kumuŋuzdarda |
| ablative (чыгыш) | кумдан kumdan |
кумумдан kumumdan |
кумуңдан kumuŋdan |
кумуңуздан kumuŋuzdan |
кумунан kumunan |
кумубуздан kumubuzdan |
кумуңардан kumuŋardan |
кумуңуздардан kumuŋuzdardan |
| plural (көптөгөн) | ||||||||
| possession → case ↓ |
— | first-person singular (менин) |
second-person singular informal (сенин) |
second-person singular formal (сиздин) |
third-person singular/plural (анын/алардын) |
first-person plural (биздин) |
second-person plural informal (силердин) |
second-person plural formal (сиздердин) |
| nominative (атооч) | кумдар kumdar |
кумдарым kumdarım |
кумдарың kumdarıŋ |
кумдарыңыз kumdarıŋız |
кумдары kumdarı |
кумдарыбыз kumdarıbız |
кумдарыңар kumdarıŋar |
кумдарыңыздар kumdarıŋızdar |
| genitive (илик) | кумдардын kumdardın |
кумдарымдын kumdarımdın |
кумдарыңдын kumdarıŋdın |
кумдарыңыздын kumdarıŋızdın |
кумдарынын kumdarının |
кумдарыбыздын kumdarıbızdın |
кумдарыңардын kumdarıŋardın |
кумдарыңыздардын kumdarıŋızdardın |
| dative (барыш) | кумдарга kumdarga |
кумдарыма kumdarıma |
кумдарыңа kumdarıŋa |
кумдарыңызга kumdarıŋızga |
кумдарына kumdarına |
кумдарыбызга kumdarıbızga |
кумдарыңарга kumdarıŋarga |
кумдарыңыздарга kumdarıŋızdarga |
| accusative (табыш) | кумдарды kumdardı |
кумдарымды kumdarımdı |
кумдарыңды kumdarıŋdı |
кумдарыңызды kumdarıŋızdı |
кумдарын kumdarın |
кумдарыбызды kumdarıbızdı |
кумдарыңарды kumdarıŋardı |
кумдарыңыздарды kumdarıŋızdardı |
| locative (жатыш) | кумдарда kumdarda |
кумдарымда kumdarımda |
кумдарыңда kumdarıŋda |
кумдарыңызда kumdarıŋızda |
кумдарында kumdarında |
кумдарыбызда kumdarıbızda |
кумдарыңарда kumdarıŋarda |
кумдарыңыздарда kumdarıŋızdarda |
| ablative (чыгыш) | кумдардан kumdardan |
кумдарымдан kumdarımdan |
кумдарыңдан kumdarıŋdan |
кумдарыңыздан kumdarıŋızdan |
кумдарынан kumdarınan |
кумдарыбыздан kumdarıbızdan |
кумдарыңардан kumdarıŋardan |
кумдарыңыздардан kumdarıŋızdardan |
Macedonian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kumъ.
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]кум • (kum) m (plural кумови, feminine кума, relational adjective кумов, diminutive кумче)
Declension
[edit]| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| indefinite | кум (kum) | кумови (kumovi) |
| definite unspecified | кумот (kumot) | кумовите (kumovite) |
| definite proximal | кумов (kumov) | кумовиве (kumovive) |
| definite distal | кумон (kumon) | кумовине (kumovine) |
| vocative | куме (kume) | кумови (kumovi) |
| count form | — | кума (kuma) |
Derived terms
[edit]Nogai
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Turkic *kum. Cognate to Kazakh құм (qūm), Karakalpak qum, etc.
Noun
[edit]кум • (qum)
Northern Altai
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Turkic *kum. Cognate to Shor қум (qum), қумақ (qumaq), Khakas хум (xum), Chulym қум (qum), Western Yugur qum, Tuvan кум (kum), Tofa һум (hum), etc.
Noun
[edit]кум • (kum)
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- N. A. Baskakov, editor (1985), “кум, кубак, кувак”, in Severnyje Dialekty Altajskovo( Ojrotskovo) Jazyka- Dialekt Lebedinskix Tatar-čalkancev(kuu-kiži) [Northern Altai language-Dialect of Chelkan], Moskva: glavnaja redakcija vostočnoj literatury, →ISBN
- N. A Baskakov, editor (1972), “кубак”, in Severnyje dialekty Altajskovo (Ojrotskovo Jazyka- Dialekt kumandincev(Kumandin Kiži) [Northern Dialect of Altai -Kumandin Dialect(Kumandin kiži)], Moskva: glavnaja redakcija vostočnoja literatury, →ISBN
Russian
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]- IPA(key): [kum]
Audio: (file) Audio (Saint Petersburg): (file)
Etymology 1
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kumъ, back-formation from *kuma (“godmother”), from Balkan Vulgar Latin *cómmater, from Latin compater (“godfather”).
Noun
[edit]кум • (kum) m anim (genitive ку́ма, nominative plural кумовья́, genitive plural кумовьёв, female equivalent кума́, diminutive куманёк)
- godfather of one's child
- father of one's godchild
- (colloquial) a friend in high places, one's benefactor
- (criminal slang) security officer, detective
- (obsolete) man, fellow (form of address to a middle-aged or elderly man)
Declension
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]- кумовство́ (kumovstvó)
Related terms
[edit]- кума́ f anim (kumá)
Descendants
[edit]- → Ingrian: kooma
See also
[edit]- крёстная мать (krjóstnaja matʹ)
- крёстная дочь (krjóstnaja dočʹ)
- крёстный оте́ц (krjóstnyj otéc)
- крёстный сын (krjóstnyj syn)
References
[edit]- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “кум”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “кума”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
Further reading
[edit]- Dal, Vladimir (1880–1882), “кум”, in Толковый Словарь живаго великорускаго языка [Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language] (in Russian), 2nd edition, Publication of the bookseller-typographer Wolf, M. O.
Etymology 2
[edit]Borrowed from Turkic; compare to Kazakh құм (qūm), Kyrgyz кум (kum), Uzbek qum.
Noun
[edit]кум • (kum) m inan (genitive ку́ма, nominative plural ку́мы, genitive plural ку́мов)
- (geomorphology) erg, sand sea (in Central Asia)
Declension
[edit]Etymology 3
[edit]Noun
[edit]кум • (kum) f anim pl
- genitive/accusative plural of кума́ (kumá)
Serbo-Croatian
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kumъ, from earlier *kъmotrъ, from Latin commater, see kmotra, kmotr in Czech.
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]ку̑м m anim (Latin spelling kȗm)
Declension
[edit]| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | ку̑м | ку̏мови |
| genitive | кума | кумова |
| dative | куму | кумовима |
| accusative | кума | кумове |
| vocative | куме | кумови |
| locative | куму | кумовима |
| instrumental | кумом | кумовима |
Further reading
[edit]- “кум”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2026
Etymology 2
[edit]Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish قوم (Turkish kum (“sand”)).
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]ку̏м m inan (Latin spelling kȕm)
Declension
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- “кум”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2026
Southern Altai
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Turkic *Kum (“sand”). Cognate with Kazakh құм (qūm), Kyrgyz кум (kum), Crimean Tatar qum, Kumyk хум (xum), Bashkir ҡом (qom), Tatar ком (qom), Azerbaijani qum, Turkish kum, Turkmen gum, Uzbek qum, Khakas хум (xum), Shor қум, Tuvan кум (kum), Western Yugur qum, etc.
Noun
[edit]кум • (kum)
Declension
[edit]| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| absolute | кум (kum) | кумдар (kumdar) |
| definite genitive | кумныҥ (kumnïŋ) | кумдардыҥ (kumdardïŋ) |
| dative | кумга (kumga) | кумдарга (kumdarga) |
| definite accusative | кумды (kumdï) | кумдарды (kumdardï) |
| locative | кумда (kumda) | кумдарда (kumdarda) |
| ablative | кумнаҥ (kumnaŋ) | кумдардаҥ (kumdardaŋ) |
Synonyms
[edit]- кумак (kumak)
References
[edit]“кум”, in Grammatika Altajskovo Jazyka [Altaic language Grammar], Kazan: V universtiteskoj til, 1869, →ISBN
Tuvan
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Turkic *Kum (“sand”).
Noun
[edit]кум • (kum) (definite accusative кумну, plural кумнар)
Ukrainian
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Proto-Slavic *kumъ, back-formation from *kuma (“godmother”) (whence also кума́ (kumá)), from Balkan Vulgar Latin *cómmater, from Latin compater (“godfather”).
Noun
[edit]кум • (kum) m pers (genitive ку́ма, nominative plural ку́ми, genitive plural ку́мів, female equivalent кума́, relational adjective кумі́вський or ку́мів)
- godfather of one's child
- father of one's godchild
- (colloquial) man, fellow (form of address to a middle-aged or elderly man)
- (folk poetic) used as an epithet for a wolf
Declension
[edit]| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | кум kum |
ку́ми kúmy |
| genitive | ку́ма kúma |
ку́мів kúmiv |
| dative | ку́мові, ку́му kúmovi, kúmu |
ку́мам kúmam |
| accusative | ку́ма kúma |
ку́мів kúmiv |
| instrumental | ку́мом kúmom |
ку́мами kúmamy |
| locative | ку́мові, ку́мі kúmovi, kúmi |
ку́мах kúmax |
| vocative | ку́ме kúme |
ку́ми kúmy |
Related terms
[edit]- кумі́вство (kumívstvo)
See also
[edit]- хреще́на ма́ти (xreščéna máty)
- хреще́на дочка́ (xreščéna dočká)
- хреще́ний ба́тько (xreščényj bátʹko)
- хреще́ний син (xreščényj syn)
Further reading
[edit]- Melnychuk, O. S., editor (1989), “кум”, in Етимологічний словник української мови [Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language] (in Ukrainian), volume 3 (Кора – М), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, →ISBN, page 138
- Hrinchenko, Borys, editor (1907–1909), “кум”, in Словарь украинского языка [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language] (in Russian), Kyiv: Kievskaya starina
- Shyrokov, V. A., editor (2015), “кум”, in Словник української мови: у 20 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 20 vols] (in Ukrainian), volumes 6 (зга́га – ква́рта), Kyiv: Ukrainian Lingua-Information Fund, →ISBN
Etymology 2
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]- кум-ку́м (kum-kúm)
Noun
[edit]кум • (kum)
- sound of a frog, ribbit
Derived terms
[edit]- ку́мкати (kúmkaty)
Further reading
[edit]- Melnychuk, O. S., editor (1989), “кум-кум”, in Етимологічний словник української мови [Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language] (in Ukrainian), volume 3 (Кора – М), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, →ISBN, page 140
- Hrinchenko, Borys, editor (1907–1909), “кум-кум”, in Словарь украинского языка [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language] (in Russian), Kyiv: Kievskaya starina
- Shyrokov, V. A., editor (2015), “кум2”, in Словник української мови: у 20 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 20 vols] (in Ukrainian), volumes 6 (зга́га – ква́рта), Kyiv: Ukrainian Lingua-Information Fund, →ISBN
Etymology 3
[edit]See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Noun
[edit]кум • (kum) f pers pl
- genitive/accusative plural of кума́ (kumá)
- Eastern Mari terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Eastern Mari/um
- Rhymes:Eastern Mari/um/1 syllable
- Eastern Mari terms inherited from Proto-Mari
- Eastern Mari terms derived from Proto-Mari
- Eastern Mari terms inherited from Proto-Uralic
- Eastern Mari terms derived from Proto-Uralic
- Eastern Mari lemmas
- Eastern Mari numerals
- Eastern Mari cardinal numbers
- Eastern Mari terms with usage examples
- Eastern Mari terms borrowed from Russian
- Eastern Mari terms derived from Russian
- Eastern Mari nouns
- mhr:Three
- Kyrgyz terms inherited from Proto-Turkic
- Kyrgyz terms derived from Proto-Turkic
- Kyrgyz terms with IPA pronunciation
- Kyrgyz lemmas
- Kyrgyz nouns
- ky:Geology
- ky:Natural materials
- Macedonian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Macedonian terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Macedonian 1-syllable words
- Macedonian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Macedonian oxytone terms
- Rhymes:Macedonian/um
- Rhymes:Macedonian/um/1 syllable
- Macedonian lemmas
- Macedonian nouns
- Macedonian masculine nouns
- Macedonian masculine nouns with plurals in -ови
- mk:Christianity
- mk:Marriage
- mk:Male people
- Nogai terms inherited from Proto-Turkic
- Nogai terms derived from Proto-Turkic
- Nogai lemmas
- Nogai nouns
- Northern Altai terms inherited from Proto-Turkic
- Northern Altai terms derived from Proto-Turkic
- Northern Altai lemmas
- Northern Altai nouns
- Russian 1-syllable words
- Russian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Russian terms with audio pronunciation
- Russian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Russian terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Russian terms derived from Vulgar Latin
- Russian terms derived from Latin
- Russian lemmas
- Russian nouns
- Russian masculine nouns
- Russian animate nouns
- ru:Male family members
- ru:Male people
- Russian colloquialisms
- ru:Crime
- Russian criminal slang
- Russian terms with obsolete senses
- Russian terms of address
- Russian hard-stem masculine-form nouns
- Russian hard-stem masculine-form accent-c nouns
- Russian nouns with accent pattern c
- Russian nouns ending in a consonant with plural -ья
- Russian nouns with irregular plural stem
- Russian irregular nouns
- Russian nouns with irregular nominative plural
- Russian nouns with irregular genitive plural
- Russian nouns with irregular dative plural
- Russian nouns with irregular instrumental plural
- Russian nouns with irregular prepositional plural
- Russian terms borrowed from Turkic languages
- Russian terms derived from Turkic languages
- Russian inanimate nouns
- ru:Geomorphology
- Russian hard-stem masculine-form accent-a nouns
- Russian nouns with accent pattern a
- Russian non-lemma forms
- Russian noun forms
- ru:Christianity
- ru:Law enforcement
- ru:Landforms
- Serbo-Croatian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Serbo-Croatian terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Serbo-Croatian terms derived from Latin
- Serbo-Croatian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Serbo-Croatian lemmas
- Serbo-Croatian nouns
- Serbo-Croatian masculine animate nouns
- Serbo-Croatian masculine nouns
- Serbo-Croatian animate nouns
- Serbo-Croatian terms borrowed from Ottoman Turkish
- Serbo-Croatian terms derived from Ottoman Turkish
- Serbo-Croatian masculine inanimate nouns
- Serbo-Croatian inanimate nouns
- Serbo-Croatian uncountable nouns
- sh:Christianity
- sh:Male family members
- sh:Male people
- sh:Marriage
- sh:Rocks
- Southern Altai terms inherited from Proto-Turkic
- Southern Altai terms derived from Proto-Turkic
- Southern Altai lemmas
- Southern Altai nouns
- Tuvan terms inherited from Proto-Turkic
- Tuvan terms derived from Proto-Turkic
- Tuvan lemmas
- Tuvan nouns
- Ukrainian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Ukrainian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Ukrainian terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Ukrainian terms derived from Vulgar Latin
- Ukrainian terms derived from Latin
- Ukrainian lemmas
- Ukrainian nouns
- Ukrainian masculine nouns
- Ukrainian personal nouns
- Ukrainian colloquialisms
- Ukrainian folk poetic terms
- Ukrainian hard masculine-form nouns
- Ukrainian hard masculine-form accent-a nouns
- Ukrainian nouns with accent pattern a
- Ukrainian onomatopoeias
- Ukrainian interjections
- Ukrainian non-lemma forms
- Ukrainian noun forms
- Ukrainian terms of address
- uk:Christianity
- uk:Male family members
- uk:Animal sounds
- uk:Male people
- uk:Wolves
