Egyptian
Etymology
Compare with Arabic أَمَرَ ( ʔamara , “ to instruct, to show how or what to do ” ) and Akkadian 𒅆 ( IGI /amāru/ , “ to look at, to see, to learn by experience ” ) .[ 1]
Pronunciation
Verb
2ae gem.
( transitive ) to look at , to see (+ m : as)
Inflection
Conjugation of mꜣꜣ (irregular second geminate / 2ae gem. / II. gem.) — base stem: mꜣ , geminated stem: mꜣꜣ
infinitival forms
imperative
infinitive
negatival complement
complementary infinitive1
singular
plural
mꜣꜣ 8 , mꜣ , mꜣn
mꜣꜣ
mꜣꜣt
mꜣꜣ , mꜣ
mꜣꜣ , mꜣ
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem
periphrastic imperfective 2
periphrastic prospective 2
mꜣꜣ , mꜣ
ḥr mꜣꜣ
m mꜣꜣ
r mꜣꜣ
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood
active
passive
contingent
aspect / mood
active
passive
perfect
mꜣ.n , mꜣꜣ.n
mꜣ
consecutive
mꜣ.jn
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
terminative
mꜣꜣt
perfective 3
mꜣ , mꜣn
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
obligative1
mꜣꜣ.ḫr
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
imperfective
mꜣꜣ
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
prospective 3
mꜣꜣ
mꜣꜣ
potentialis1
mꜣ.kꜣ
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
subjunctive
mꜣ , mꜣn
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
participles
active
passive
active
passive
perfect
mꜣ.n
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
—
—
perfective
mꜣ
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
mꜣ
mꜣ , mꜣw 5 , mꜣy 5
imperfective
mꜣꜣ , mꜣꜣy , mꜣꜣw 5
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
mꜣꜣ , mꜣꜣj 6 , mꜣꜣy 6
mꜣꜣ , mꜣꜣw 5
prospective
mꜣ , mꜣtj 7
—
mꜣꜣtj 4 , mꜣꜣt 4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f /.fj , feminine .s /.sj , dual .sn /.snj , plural .sn .
Only in the masculine singular.
Only in the masculine.
Only in the feminine.
Not used before suffix pronouns.
Derived terms
Noun
m
sight , vision
appearance , aspect
inspection , supervision , oversight
means of recognition
Inflection
Declension of mꜣꜣ (masculine)
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of mꜣꜣ
References
Erman, Adolf , Grapow, Hermann (1928 ) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache [1] , volume 2, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN , pages 7.1–10.14
Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962 ) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian , Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN , page 100
Hannig, Rainer (1997 ) Großes Handwörterbuch Ägyptisch-Deutsch: die Sprache der Pharaonen (2800–950 v. Chr.) (Hannig-Lexica; 1), second edition, Mainz: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, →ISBN , page 314
James P[eter] Allen (2010 ) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs , 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN , pages 156, 164–165, 228, 249, 267–268, 314 .
Hoch, James (1997 ) Middle Egyptian Grammar , Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN , page 41