sorprendre

See also: sorprendré

Catalan

Etymology

Inherited from Old Catalan sobreprendre, probably with influence from French surprendre. First attested in 1803.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Northern) [surˈpe̞n.dɾə], (proscribed spelling pronunciation) [surˈpɾe̞n.dɾə]
• IPA^(key): (Balearic) [sorˈpən.dɾə], (proscribed spelling pronunciation) [sorˈpɾən.dɾə]
• IPA^(key): (Central) [surˈpɛn.dɾə], (proscribed spelling pronunciation) [surˈpɾɛn.dɾə]
• IPA^(key): (Valencia) [soɾˈpen.dɾe], (proscribed spelling pronunciation) [soɾˈpɾen.dɾe]
• IPA^(key): (Northwestern) [sorˈpen.dɾe], (proscribed spelling pronunciation) [sorˈpɾen.dɾe]

• Audio (Barcelona):

  (file)

Verb

sorprendre (first-person singular present sorprenc, first-person singular preterite sorprenguí, past participle sorprès); root stress: (Northern) /e̞/; (Balearic) /ə/; (Central) /ɛ/; (Northwestern, Valencia) /e/

1. to surprise

Conjugation

    Central Catalan conjugation of sorprendre (second conjugation, irregular, with velar infix)

infinitive			sorprendre
gerund			sorprenent
past participle				masculine		feminine
		singular		sorprès		sorpresa
		plural		sorpresos		sorpreses
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		jo	tu	ell/ella vostè	nosaltres nós	vosaltres vós	ells/elles vostès
	present	sorprenc	sorprens	sorprèn	sorprenem	sorpreneu	sorprenen
	imperfect	sorprenia	sorprenies	sorprenia	sorpreníem	sorpreníeu	sorprenien
	future	sorprendré	sorprendràs	sorprendrà	sorprendrem	sorprendreu	sorprendran
	preterite	sorprenguí	sorprengueres	sorprengué	sorprenguérem	sorprenguéreu	sorprengueren
	conditional	sorprendria	sorprendries	sorprendria	sorprendríem	sorprendríeu	sorprendrien
subjunctive		jo	tu	ell/ella vostè	nosaltres nós	vosaltres vós	ells/elles vostès
	present	sorprengui	sorprenguis	sorprengui	sorprenguem	sorprengueu	sorprenguin
	imperfect	sorprengués	sorprenguessis	sorprengués	sorprenguéssim	sorprenguéssiu	sorprenguessin
imperative		—	tu	vostè	nosaltres	vosaltres vós	vostès
	affirmative	—	sorprèn	sorprengui	sorprenguem	sorpreneu	sorprenguin
	negative (no)	—	no sorprenguis	no sorprengui	no sorprenguem	no sorprengueu	no sorprenguin

Related terms

• sorprenent
• sorpresa

Further reading

• “sorprendre”, in Diccionari de la llengua catalana [Dictionary of the Catalan Language] (in Catalan), second edition, Institute of Catalan Studies [Catalan: Institut d'Estudis Catalans], April 2007
• “sorprendre” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
• Alcover, Antoni Maria; Moll, Francesc de Borja (1963), “sorprendre”, in Diccionari català-valencià-balear (in Catalan)

Old French

Alternative forms

• sourprendre, surprendre

Etymology

From sor- +‎ prendre. First attested in c. 1165. Compare Old Occitan sobreprendre.

Sense 3 (“to surprise”) is not original and resulted from the absorption by this verb of the related sosprendre.

Verb

sorprendre

1. to seize, take control of
2. to overtake
4. to surprise
   • c. 1155, Wace, Le Roman de Brut:

     Cascuns voloit l'altre soprendre

     Each wanted to surprise the other

Conjugation

This verb conjugates as a third-group verb. This verb has irregularities in its conjugation. Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.

    Conjugation of sorprendre (see also Appendix:Old French verbs)

		simple			compound
infinitive		sorprendre			avoir sorpris
gerund		en sorprenant			gerund of avoir + past participle
present participle		sorprenant
past participle		sorpris
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		jo	tu	il	nos	vos	il
simple tenses	present	sorpreing, sorpren	sorprenz	sorprent	sorprenons	sorprenez	sorprenent
	imperfect	sorprenoie, sorpreneie	sorprenoies, sorpreneies	sorprenoit, sorpreneit	sorpreniiens, sorpreniens	sorpreniiez, sorpreniez	sorprenoient, sorpreneient
	preterite	sorpris	sorpreṣis	sorprist	sorpreṣimes	sorpreṣistes	sorprisdrent
	future	sorprendrai	sorprendras	sorprendra	sorprendrons	sorprendroiz, sorprendreiz, sorprendrez	sorprendront
	conditional	sorprendroie, sorprendreie	sorprendroies, sorprendreies	sorprendroit, sorprendreit	sorprendriiens, sorprendriens	sorprendriiez, sorprendriez	sorprendroient, sorprendreient
compound tenses	present perfect	present tense of avoir + past participle
	pluperfect	imperfect tense of avoir + past participle
	past anterior	preterite tense of avoir + past participle
	future perfect	future tense of avoir + past participle
	conditional perfect	conditional tense of avoir + past participle
subjunctive		que jo	que tu	qu’il	que nos	que vos	qu’il
simple tenses	present	sorpreigne	sorpreignes	sorpreigne	sorprenons, sorpreigniens, sorpreignons	sorprenez, sorpreigniez	sorpreignent
	imperfect	sorpreṣisse	sorpreṣisses	sorpreṣist	sorpreṣissons, sorpreṣissiens	sorpreṣissoiz, sorpreṣissez, sorpreṣissiez	sorpreṣissent
compound tenses	past	present subjunctive of avoir + past participle
	pluperfect	imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle
imperative		–	tu	–	nos	vos	–
		—	sorpren	—	sorprenons	sorprenez	—

Related terms

• prendre

Descendants

• Middle French: surprendre
  • English: surprise (from past participle)
  • French: surprendre
• →? Italian: sorprendere (calque)

References

• Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002), “prĕhĕndĕre”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), volume 9: Placabilis–Pyxis, page 350