ἄρχω
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See also: άρχω
Ancient Greek
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Of disputed origin:
- From Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥-ske-ti (“to start, rule”), which appears to be an inchoative formation from *h₂er- (“to fit, put together”), thus "to begin to fit together" > "to start, rule". Compare Old Armenian արքայ (arkʻay, “king”), which Matzinger considered inherited from Indo-European,[1] but which is generally thought to be ultimately a borrowing from Greek.
- From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ergʰ- (“to begin, rule, command”), and cognate with Proto-Germanic *hragōną (“to jut out”), Lithuanian regė́ti (“to watch, see”).[2] A connection with the Lithuanian is feasible, though the Germanic is thought to derive from a different root.
- From Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs (“king”), from *h₃reǵ- (“to straighten, righten”).[3]
Pronunciation
[edit]- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /ár.kʰɔː/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈar.kʰo/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈar.xo/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ˈar.xo/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈar.xo/
Verb
[edit]ἄρχω • (árkhō)
- (transitive) to begin [with genitive ‘something, from something, with something’]
- (transitive) to lead, rule, govern, command [with genitive or dative ‘someone’]
- (intransitive) to be ruler; to hold an archonship
Inflection
[edit] Present: ᾰ̓́ρχω, ᾰ̓́ρχομαι
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | ἦρχον | ἦρχες | ἦρχε(ν) | ἤρχετον | ἠρχέτην | ἤρχομεν | ἤρχετε | ἦρχον | ||||
middle/ passive |
indicative | ἠρχόμην | ἤρχου | ἤρχετο | ἤρχεσθον | ἠρχέσθην | ἠρχόμεθᾰ | ἤρχεσθε | ἤρχοντο | ||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | ᾰ̓́ρχον | ᾰ̓́ρχες | ᾰ̓́ρχε(ν) | ᾰ̓́ρχετον | ᾰ̓ρχέτην | ᾰ̓́ρχομεν | ᾰ̓́ρχετε | ᾰ̓́ρχον | ||||
middle/ passive |
indicative | ᾰ̓ρχόμην | ᾰ̓́ρχου | ᾰ̓́ρχετο | ᾰ̓́ρχεσθον | ᾰ̓ρχέσθην | ᾰ̓ρχόμε(σ)θᾰ | ᾰ̓́ρχεσθε | ᾰ̓́ρχοντο | ||||
Notes: | Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
Derived terms
[edit]- Ἀγάθαρχος (Agátharkhos)
- Ἀλέξαρχος (Aléxarkhos)
- ἀπάρχομαι (apárkhomai)
- ἀπάρχω (apárkhō)
- Ἀρίσταρχος (Arístarkhos)
- Ἀρχάγαθος (Arkhágathos)
- Ἀρχέδημος (Arkhédēmos)
- Ᾰ̓ρχέδῐκος (Arkhédikos)
- Ἀρχέλᾱος (Arkhélāos)
- Ᾰ̓ρχέστρᾰτος (Arkhéstratos)
- Ἀρχίᾱς (Arkhíās)
- Αρχιγένης (Arkhigénēs)
- Ἀρχίλοχος (Arkhílokhos)
- Ἀρχιμήδης (Arkhimḗdēs)
- διάρχω (diárkhō)
- Δικαίαρχος (Dikaíarkhos)
- ἐνάρχομαι (enárkhomai)
- ἐξάρχω (exárkhō)
- ἐπάρχω (epárkhō)
- Ἵππαρχος (Hípparkhos)
- κατάρχω (katárkhō)
- Κλέαρχος (Kléarkhos)
- Κλείταρχος (Kleítarkhos)
- Πλούταρχος (Ploútarkhos)
- προάρχω (proárkhō)
- προσάρχομαι (prosárkhomai)
- συνάρχω (sunárkhō)
- Τίμαρχος (Tímarkhos)
- ὑπάρχω (hupárkhō)
- χῐμᾰ́ρᾰρχος (khimárarkhos)
Related terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- → Greek: άρχω (árcho) (learned)
References
[edit]- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἄρχω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 145-6
- ^ Watkins, Calvert (1985) The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company
Further reading
[edit]- “ἄρχω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “ἄρχω”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “ἄρχω”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- ἄρχω in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
- ἄρχω in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- ἄρχω in the Diccionario Griego–Español en línea (2006–2024)
- “ἄρχω”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
- G757 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
Categories:
- Ancient Greek terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Ancient Greek terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Ancient Greek 2-syllable words
- Ancient Greek terms with IPA pronunciation
- Ancient Greek lemmas
- Ancient Greek verbs
- Ancient Greek paroxytone terms
- Ancient Greek transitive verbs
- Ancient Greek intransitive verbs