Appendix:Hakka Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Hakka, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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Romanisation scheme used is Pha̍k-fa-sṳ. Data gathered from several varieties of Yuetai Hakka, but pronunciation taken from Miaoli Northern Siyen Hakka.

EnglishHakka
粵台客家話粤台客家话
edit (207)
IPA
1I (1sg)𠊎 (ngài)ŋai¹¹
2you (2sg) (ngì)ɲi¹¹
3he, she, it (3sg) ()ki¹¹
4we (1pl)𠊎等 (ngài-tén)ŋai¹¹ ten³¹
5you (2pl)汝等 (ngì-tén)ɲi¹¹ ten³¹
6they (3pl)佢等 (kì-tén)ki¹¹ ten³¹
7this (liá)lia³¹
8that (kâi)ke⁵⁵
9here這兜这兜 (liá-têu)lia³¹ teu²⁴
10there該兜该兜 (kâi-têu)ke⁵⁵ teu²⁴
11who麼人么人 (má-ngìn), 何人 (hò-ngìn), 麼儕么侪 (má-sà)ma³¹ ɲin¹¹, ho¹¹ ɲin¹¹, ma³¹ sa¹¹
12what麼个 (má-ke)ma³¹ ke⁵⁵
13where ()nai⁵⁵
14when哪時哪时 (nâ-sṳ̀)nai⁵⁵ sɨ¹¹
15how仰般 (ngióng-pân)ɲioŋ³¹ pan²⁴
16not ()mu¹¹
17all所有 (só-yû)so³¹ iu²⁴
18many ()to²⁴
19some (têu)teu²⁴
20few (séu)seu³¹
21other其他 (khì-thâ)kʰi¹¹ tʰa²⁴
22one (yit)it²
23two (ngi), (lióng)ɲi⁵⁵, lioŋ³¹
24three (sâm)sam²⁴
25four (si)ɕi⁵⁵
26five (ńg)ŋ³¹
27big (thai)tʰai⁵⁵
28long (chhòng)tsʰoŋ¹¹
29wide (khôn)kʰon²⁴
30thick (heu)heu⁵⁵
31heavy (chûng)tsʰuŋ²⁴
32small (séu)seu³¹
33short (tón)ton³¹
34narrow (chak)tsak²
35thin (pho̍k), (chheu)pʰok⁵, tsʰeu⁵⁵
36woman細妹人细妹人 (se-moi-ngìn), 妹仔人 (moi-é-ngìn), (ńg), 婦女妇女 (fu-ńg)se⁵⁵ moi⁵⁵ ɲin¹¹, moi⁵⁵ e³¹ ɲin¹¹, ŋ³¹, fu⁵⁵ ŋ³¹
37man (adult male)細倈人细俫人 (se-lai-ngìn), 男仔人 (nàm-é-ngìn), (nàm), 男子 (nàm-chṳ́)se⁵⁵ lai⁵⁵ ɲin¹¹, nam¹¹ e³¹ ɲin¹¹, nam¹¹, nam¹¹ tsɨ³¹
38man (human being) (ngìn)ɲin¹¹
39child細人仔细人仔 (se-ngìn-é)se⁵⁵ ɲin¹¹ e¹¹
40wife餔娘𫗦娘 (bû-ngiòng), 太太 (thai-thai)pu²⁴ ɲioŋ¹¹, tʰai⁵⁵ tʰai⁵⁵
41husband丈夫 (chhông-fû), 老公 (ló-kûng)tsʰoŋ⁵⁵ fu²⁴, lo³¹ kuŋ²⁴
42mother阿姆 (â-mê)a²⁴⁻¹¹ me²⁴
43father阿爸 (â-pâ)a²⁴⁻¹¹ pa²⁴
44animal動物动物 (thung-vu̍t)tʰuŋ⁵⁵ vut⁵
45fish魚仔鱼仔 (ǹg-é)ŋ¹¹ e³¹
46bird鳥仔鸟仔 (tiâu-é)tiau²⁴ e³¹
47dog狗仔 (kiéu-é)kieu³¹ e³¹
48louse (set)set²
49snake ()sa¹¹
50worm蟲仔虫仔 (chhùng-é), 昆蟲昆虫 (khûn-chhùng)tsʰuŋ¹¹ e³¹, kʰun²⁴ tsʰuŋ¹¹
51tree (su)su⁵⁵
52forest森林 (sêm-lìm)sem²⁴ lim¹¹
53stick樹椏树桠 (su-â)su⁵⁵ a²⁴
54fruit果子 (kó-chṳ́)ko³¹ tsɨ³¹
55seed (chúng)tsung³¹
56leaf葉仔叶仔 (ya̍p-é)iap⁵ e³¹
57root (kîn)kin²⁴
58bark (of a tree)樹皮树皮 (su-phì)su⁵⁵ pʰi¹¹
59flower ()fa²⁴
60grass (chhó)tsʰo³¹
61rope索仔 (sok-é)sok² e³¹⁻¹¹
62skin皮膚皮肤 (phì-fû)pʰi¹¹ fu²⁴
63meat (ngiuk)ɲiuk²
64blood (hiet)hiet²
65bone (kut), 骨頭骨头 (kut-thèu)kut², kut² tʰeu¹¹
66fat (noun)脂肪 (chṳ̂-fòng)tsɨ²⁴ foŋ¹¹
67egg (lón)lon³¹
68horn (kok)kok²
69tail ()mi²⁴
70feather羽毛 (yí-mô)i³¹ mo²⁴
71hair頭那毛头那毛 (theù-nà-mô) (on head)tʰeu¹¹ na¹¹ mo²⁴
72head頭那头那 (theù-nà)tʰeu¹¹ na¹¹
73ear耳公 (ngí-kûng)ɲi³¹ kuŋ²⁴
74eye目珠 (muk-chû)muk² tsu²⁴
75nose (phi)pʰi⁵⁵
76mouth (choi)tsoi⁵⁵
77tooth (ngà), 牙齒牙齿 (ngà-chhṳ́)ŋa¹¹, ŋa¹¹ tsʰɨ³¹
78tongue (organ)舌嫲 (sa̍t-mà)sat⁵ ma¹¹
79fingernail指甲 (chṳ́-kap)tsɨ³¹ kap²
80foot (kiok)kiok²
81leg腳髀脚髀 (kiok-pí)kiok² pi³¹
82knee膝頭膝头 (chhit-theù)tɕʰit² tʰeu¹¹
83hand ()su³¹
84wing翼胛 (yi̍t-kap)it⁵ kap²
85belly肚屎 (tú-sṳ́)tu³¹ sɨ³¹
86guts (chhòng)tsʰoŋ¹¹
87neck頸根颈根 (kiáng-kîn)kiaŋ³¹ kin²⁴
88back背囊 (poi-nòng)poi⁵⁵ noŋ¹¹
89breast乳菇 (nen-kû)nen⁵⁵ ku²⁴
90heart心臟心脏 (sîm-chhong)ɕim²⁴⁻¹¹ tsʰoŋ⁵⁵
91liver肝臟肝脏 (kôn-chhong)kon²⁴ tsʰoŋ³¹
92to drink (lîm)lim²⁴
93to eat (sṳ̍t)sɨt⁵
94to bite (ngâu)ŋau²⁴
95to suck (chhiôn)tɕʰion²⁴
96to spit𠯟 (lién)lien³¹
97to vomit (éu), (phôn)eu³¹, pʰon²⁴
98to blow (chhôi), 𬅫 (pùn)tsʰoi²⁴, pun¹¹
99to breathe敨氣敨气 (théu-hì)tʰeu³¹ hi⁵⁵
100to laugh (seu)seu⁵⁵
101to see (khon)kʰon⁵⁵
102to hear (thâng)tʰaŋ²⁴
103to know (), 知得 (tî tet)ti²⁴, ti²⁴ tet²
104to think (sióng)ɕioŋ³¹
105to smell (phi)pʰi⁵⁵
106to fear (kiâng)kiaŋ²⁴
107to sleep睡目 (soi-muk)soi⁵⁵ muk²
108to live (sâng)saŋ²⁴
109to die ()ɕi³¹
110to kill (chhṳ̀)tsʰɨ¹¹
111to fight相打 (siông-tá)ɕioŋ²⁴ ta³¹
112to hunt打獵打猎 (tá-lia̍p)ta³¹ liap⁵
113to hit ()ta³¹
114to cut (kot)kot²
115to split擘開擘开 (pak-khôi)pak² kʰoi²⁴
116to stab (chhiuk)tsʰɨ⁵⁵
117to scratch (yet)iet²
118to dig (yet)iet²
119to swim泅水 (tsiù-súi)tɕʰiu¹¹ sui³¹
120to fly ()pi²⁴
121to walk (hàng)haŋ¹¹
122to come (loi2)loi¹¹
123to lie (as in a bed) (soi4)soi⁵⁵
124to sit (chhô)tsʰo²⁴
125to stand ()kʰi²⁴
126to turn (intransitive) (chón)tson³¹
127to fall (tiet)tiet²
128to give (pûn)pun²⁴
129to hold (khià)kʰia¹¹
130to squeeze (ngién)ɲien³¹
131to rub (chhu̍t)tsʰut⁵
132to wash ()se³¹
133to wipe (chhu̍t)tsʰut⁵
134to pull (pâng)paŋ²⁴
135to push𢱤 (súng)suŋ³¹
136to throw (te̍p)tep⁵
137to tie (póng)poŋ³¹
138to sew (liòn)lion¹¹
139to count (son)son⁵⁵
140to say (kóng)koŋ³¹
141to sing (chhong)tsʰoŋ⁵⁵
142to play (káu), (liau)kau³¹, liau⁵⁵
143to float ()fu¹¹
144to flow (liù)liu¹¹
145to freeze凍結冻结 (tung-kiet)tuŋ⁵⁵ kiet²
146to swell (chúng)tsuŋ³¹
147sun日頭日头 (ngit-thèu)ɲit² tʰeu¹¹
148moon月光 (ngie̍t-kông)ɲiet⁵ koŋ²⁴
149star星仔 (sên-é)sen²⁴ e³¹
150water (súi)sui³¹
151rain ()i³¹
152river ()ho¹¹
153lake ()fu¹¹
154sea (hói)hoi³¹
155salt (yàm)iam¹¹
156stone石牯 (sa̍k-kú)sak⁵ ku³¹
157sand ()sa²⁴
158dust塵灰尘灰 (chhṳ̀n-fôi)tsʰɨn¹¹ foi²⁴
159earth土地 (thú-thi)tʰu³¹ tʰi⁵⁵
160cloud (yun2)iun¹¹
161fog濛沙蒙沙 (mùng-sâ)muŋ¹¹ sa²⁴
162sky (thiên)tʰien²⁴
163wind (fûng)fuŋ²⁴
164snow (siet)ɕiet²
165ice (pên)pen²⁴
166smoke (yên)ien²⁴
167fire ()fo³¹
168ash (fôi)foi²⁴
169to burn (sêu)seu²⁴
170road (lu)lu⁵⁵
171mountain (sân)san²⁴
172red紅色红色 (fùng-set)fuŋ¹¹ set²
173green青色 (chhiâng-set)tɕʰiaŋ²⁴ set²
174yellow黃色黄色 (vòng-set)voŋ¹¹ set²
175white白色 (pha̍k-set)pʰak⁵ set²
176black烏色乌色 (vû-set)vu²⁴ set²
177night暗晡 (am-pû)am⁵⁵ pu²⁴
178day日時頭日时头 (ngit-sṳ̀-thèu)ɲit² sɨ¹¹ tʰeu¹¹
179year (ngièn)ɲien¹¹
180warm (ngie̍t)ɲiet⁵
181cold (lâng)laŋ²⁴
182full滿 (muāng)man²⁴
183new (sîn)ɕin²⁴
184old (), (khiu) (not new)lo³¹, kʰiu⁵⁵
185good ()ho³¹
186bad (fái)fai³¹
187rotten (fái)fai³¹
188dirty垃圾 (lá-sap)la³¹ sep²
189straight (chhṳ̍t)tsʰɨt̚⁵
190round (yèn)ien¹¹
191sharp (as a knife) (chiâm)tɕiam²⁴
192dull (as a knife) (thun)tʰun⁵⁵
193smooth (va̍t)vat⁵
194wet湿 (sṳp)sɨp²
195dry (châu)tsau²⁴
196correct (chho̍k)tsʰok̚⁵
197near (khiûn)kʰiun⁵⁵
198far (yèn)ien³¹
199right (yu)iu⁵⁵
200left (chó)tso³¹
201at (chhai)tsʰai⁵⁵
202in (chhai)tsʰai⁵⁵
203with (lâu), (thùng)leu¹¹, tʰuŋ¹¹
204and (lâu), (thùng)leu¹¹, tʰuŋ¹¹
205if若係若系 (na-he)na⁵⁵ he⁵⁵
206because因為因为 (yîn-vì), 因爭因争 (yîn-chên)in²⁴⁻¹¹ vi⁵⁵, in²⁴ tsen²⁴
207name (miàng)miaŋ¹¹

See also

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Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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