Appendix:Wutunhua Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Wutunhua, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

[edit]
For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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EnglishWutunhua
edit (206)
1I (1sg)ngu
2you (2sg)ni
3he, she, it (3sg)gu
4we (1pl)nga-mu
5you (2pl)ni-mu
6they (3pl)gu-mu
7thisje
8thatgu
9hereje-li
10therewu-li
11whoa-ge
12whatma-ge
13wherea-li
14whendoxige
15howa-menzai
16notbe-
17allyida-ze
18manydo
19somejhige
20fewsho
21otherxxanba
22oneyi
23twoek
24threesan
25fourse
26fivewu
27bigda
28longqang
29widekuan
30thickchong
31heavy
32smallga
33shortduan
34narrowzhai
35thinpe
36womanni-xhe
37man (adult male)wa-ren
38man (human being)ren
39childgalamala
40wifeni-ren
41husbandnixi
42motherana
43fatheraba
44animaldenzho
45fishxhuiyang
46birdmacio
47doggek
48louseshaize
49snakeshai
50wormcek
51treeshu
52forestlin
53stickgunze
54fruitgoze
55seedze
56leafyaize
57rootgenze, zaba
58bark (of a tree)shu-pize
59flowerhu
60grasszatang
61ropeshenze
62skinrek-pize
63meatrek
64bloodxai
65bonegutek
66fat (noun)hi
67eggjhidan
68hornge
69tailliba
70featherjjho
71hairmo (body hair), tekhua (hair on the head)
72headdolo
73earekdo
74eyenianzek
75nosepigong
76mouthkek
77toothniacha
78tongue (organ)shaitek
79fingernailzhekjha
80footjho
81leglha
82kneepolo-gaize
83handshek
84wingbangze
85bellytuze
86gutsqangze
87neckbanjhe
88backbi
89breastnaitek
90heartxen
91livergan
92to drinkxhe
93to eatqe, xhe
94to bitenio
95to suckza
96to spittai
97to vomittu
98to blowqhui
99to breathejje
100to laughxo
101to seekan
102to heartin
103to knowjedo
104to thinkddang
105to smellcixai
106to fearhaipa
107to sleepxhui
108to liveho
109to diese
110to killsha
111to fightdajang
112to huntredak da
113to hitda
114to cutge
115to splitbaikai
116to stabqo
117to scratchghua
118to digghua
119to swimho
120to flyhi
121to walkxhen
122to comelai
123to lie (as in a bed)gundo
124to sitco
125to standzhan
126to turn (intransitive)juan
127to falldo
128to givegi
129to holdjua
130to squeezezi
131to rubca
132to washxi
133to wipeca
134to pullla
135to pushxan
136to throwek
137to tiedai
138to sewhen
139to countsuan
140to saysho
141to singzho sho
142to playwan
143to floatho
144to flowyi
145to freezedun
146to swellzhong
147sunraitek
148moonyailiang
149starxixang
150waterxhui
151raintai
152riverxhe
153lakeco
154seajjhangco
155saltqiyan
156stoneshetek
157sandshaze
158dustddu
159earthtu
160cloudwencai
161fogwu
162skytian
163windhen
164snowxai
165icebin
166smokeyan
167fireho
168ashta
169to burnzio
170roadlu
171mountainwuwa
172redhen
173greenluu
174yellowhong
175whitepai
176blackxhi
177nightwaixi
178daypaire
179yearnian, lo
180warmrai, zho
181colddun
182fullman, gang
183newxen, soma
184oldlo, ggi
185goodho, ssang, shage
186badtama
187rottenlan, ru
188dirtyzang, zzhangzok
189straightje
190roundyan
191sharp (as a knife)kuai
192dull (as a knife)be-kuai
193smoothpin-pin-de
194wetshe
195drygan
196correcthai
197nearqen
198faryan
199rightjen-shek-de
200leftdo-shek-de
201at-li
202in-li
203with-liangge
204and-da
205if-ra
206because-de liangge
207nameminze
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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