Appendix:Makasar Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Makasar, compared with definitions in English.

Introduction

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

Orthography

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This list applies the common orthography that is an adjusted version of the 1975 orthography established in Ujung Pandang by the Language Body. The 1975 orthography is based on the Indonesian orthography that was established earlier. In the orthography, glottal stop is represented as k. However, since the representation can cause confusion for k is also used to represent the consonant [k], people usually use an apostrophe (') to represent the glottal stop instead.

The common orthography can be found in handwritten notes, on the occasional sign, and in the lyrics sheets of popular songs by artists like Iwan Tompo and Ismail Wahid.

List

[edit]
No. English Makasar
basa Mangkasara'
Lontara
ᨒᨚᨈᨑ
1 I nakke ᨊᨀᨙ
2 you (singular) kau (common)
katte (honorific)
ᨀᨕᨘ (common)
ᨀᨈᨙ (honorific)
3 he ia ᨕᨗᨕ
4 we kambe (exclusive)
katte (inclusive)
ᨀᨅᨙ (exclusive)
ᨀᨈᨙ (inclusive)
5 you (plural) ke'nang ᨀᨙᨊ
6 they - -
7 this anne ᨕᨊᨙ
8 that antu (near)
anjo (distant)
ᨕᨈᨘ (near)
ᨕᨍᨚ (distant)
9 here anrinni ᨕᨑᨗᨊᨗ
10 there antureng (near)
anjoreng (distant)
ᨕᨈᨘᨑᨙ (near)
ᨕᨍᨚᨑᨙ (distant)
11 who nai ᨊᨕᨗ
12 what apa ᨕᨄ
13 where kemae ᨀᨙᨆᨕᨙ
14 when angngapapi (future)
ringapanna (past)
ᨕᨂᨄᨄᨗ (future)
ᨑᨗᨂᨄᨊ (past)
15 how antekamma ᨕᨈᨙᨀᨆ
16 not teai
tena
ᨈᨙᨕᨕᨗ
ᨈᨙᨊ
17 all ngaseng ᨂᨔᨙ
18 many jai ᨍᨕᨗ
19 some pirang ᨄᨗᨑ
20 few dengke'-dengke', pillo' ᨉᨀᨙᨉᨙᨀᨙ, ᨄᨗᨒᨚ
21 other maraeng ᨆᨑᨕᨙ
22 one se're ᨔᨙᨑᨙ
23 two rua ᨑᨘᨕ
24 three tallu ᨈᨒᨘ
25 four appa' ᨕᨄ
26 five lima ᨒᨗᨆ
27 big lompo ᨒᨚᨄᨚ
28 long la'bu, lambere' ᨒᨅᨘ, ᨒᨅᨙᨑᨙ
29 wide la'ba', sangkara' ᨒᨅ, ᨔᨀᨑ
30 thick kapala' ᨀᨄᨒ
31 heavy battala' ᨅᨈᨒ
32 small ca'di ᨌᨉᨗ
33 short bokki, bodo ᨅᨚᨀᨗ, ᨅᨚᨉᨚ
34 narrow seke', simpiri' ᨔᨙᨀᨙ, ᨔᨗᨄᨗᨑᨗ
35 thin bayang, tipisi' ᨅᨐ, ᨈᨗᨄᨗᨔᨗ
36 woman baine ᨅᨕᨗᨊᨙ
37 man (adult male) bura'ne ᨅᨘᨑᨊᨙ
38 man (human being) tau ᨈᨕᨘ
39 child ana' ᨕᨊ
40 wife baine ᨅᨕᨗᨊᨙ
41 husband bura'ne ᨅᨘᨑᨊᨙ
42 mother amma', anrong, ummi ᨕᨆ, ᨕᨑᨚ, ᨕᨘᨆᨗ
43 father mangge, ua', a'ba, tetta ᨆᨁᨙ, ᨕᨘᨕ, ᨕᨅ, ᨈᨙᨈ
44 animal olo'-olo' ᨕᨚᨒᨚᨕᨚᨒᨚ
45 fish juku' ᨍᨘᨀᨘ
46 bird jangang-jangang ᨍᨂᨍᨂ
47 dog kongkong ᨀᨚᨀᨚ
48 louse kutu ᨀᨘᨈᨘ
49 snake ulara' ᨕᨘᨒᨑ
50 worm gallang-gallang ᨁᨒᨁᨒ
51 tree poko' ᨄᨚᨀᨚ
52 forest romang ᨑᨚᨆ
53 stick tangke ᨈᨀᨙ
54 fruit rappo ᨑᨄᨚ
55 seed lisere' ᨒᨗᨔᨙᨑᨙ
56 leaf leko' ᨒᨙᨀᨚ
57 root aka' ᨕᨀ
58 bark (of a tree) bukkuleng kayu ᨅᨘᨀᨘᨒᨙᨀᨐᨘ
59 flower bunga ᨅᨘᨂ
60 grass ruku' ᨑᨘᨀᨘ
61 rope tali ᨈᨒᨗ
62 skin bukkuleng ᨅᨘᨀᨘᨒᨙ
63 meat dageng ᨉᨁᨙ
64 blood cera' ᨌᨙᨑ
65 bone buku ᨅᨘᨀᨘ
66 fat (noun) janna ᨍᨊ
67 egg bayao ᨅᨐᨕᨚ
68 horn tanru' ᨈᨑᨘ
69 tail ingkong ᨕᨗᨀᨚ
70 feather bulu ᨅᨘᨒᨘ
71 hair uu' ᨕᨘᨕᨘ
72 head ulu ᨕᨘᨒᨘ
73 ear toli, palangngere' ᨈᨚᨒᨗ, ᨄᨒᨂᨙᨑᨙ
74 eye mata ᨆᨈ
75 nose ka'muru, pangngara' ᨀᨆᨘᨑᨘ, ᨄᨂᨑ
76 mouth bawa ᨅᨏ
77 tooth gigi ᨁᨗᨁᨗ
78 tongue (organ) lila ᨒᨗᨒ
79 fingernail kanuku ᨀᨊᨘᨀᨘ
80 foot bangkeng ᨅᨀᨙ
81 leg bangkeng ᨅᨀᨙ
82 knee kulantu' ᨀᨘᨒᨈᨘ
83 hand lima ᨒᨗᨆ
84 wing ka'nyi' ᨀᨎᨗ
85 belly battang ᨅᨈ
86 guts parru' ᨄᨑᨘ
87 neck kallong ᨀᨒᨚ
88 back dongko' ᨉᨚᨀᨚ
89 breast susu ᨔᨘᨔᨘ
90 heart doke' ᨉᨚᨀᨙ
91 liver ate ᨕᨈᨙ
92 to drink inung ᨕᨗᨊᨘ
93 to eat angnganre, akka'do' ᨕᨂᨑᨙ, ᨕᨀᨉᨚ
94 to bite angngalatta', angngokko' ᨕᨂᨒᨈ, ᨕᨂᨚᨀᨚ
95 to suck a'mu'musu', angngiso', angnge'ro' ᨕᨆᨘᨆᨘᨔᨘ, ᨕᨂᨗᨔᨚ, ᨕᨂᨙᨑᨚ
96 to spit appi'ru ᨕᨄᨗᨑᨘ
97 to vomit ta'langnge, ta'lua ᨈᨒᨂᨙ, ᨈᨒᨘᨕ
98 to blow attui' ᨕᨈᨘᨕᨗ
99 to breathe a'mai', a'nappasa' ᨕᨆᨕᨗ, ᨕᨊᨄᨔ
100 to laugh ammakkala' ᨕᨆᨀᨒ
101 to see accini' ᨕᨂᨗᨊᨗ
102 to hear allangngere' ᨕᨒᨂᨙᨑᨙ
103 to know angngasseng, angngisseng, angngito' ᨕᨂᨔᨙ, ᨕᨂᨗᨔᨙ, ᨕᨂᨗᨈᨚ
104 to think ammikkiri' ᨕᨆᨗᨀᨗᨑᨗ
105 to smell angngara' ᨕᨂᨑ
106 to fear malla' ᨆᨒ
107 to sleep attinro ᨕᨈᨗᨑᨚ
108 to live attallasa' ᨕᨈᨒᨔ
109 to die jammeng ᨍᨆᨙ
110 to kill ammuno ᨕᨆᨘᨊᨚ
111 to fight assiba'ji ᨕᨔᨗᨅᨍᨗ
112 to hunt alluru ᨕᨒᨘᨑᨘ
113 to hit amma'ji ᨕᨆᨍᨗ
114 to cut annatta' ᨕᨊᨈ
115 to split ammisa', ammue ᨕᨆᨗᨔ, ᨕᨆᨘᨕᨙ
116 to stab annobo' ᨕᨊᨚᨅᨚ
117 to scratch akkangkang ᨕᨀᨀ
118 to dig akkeke, akkekkese' ᨕᨀᨙᨀᨙ, ᨕᨀᨙᨀᨙᨔᨙ
119 to swim a'lange ᨕᨒᨂᨙ
120 to fly anri'ba' ᨕᨑᨗᨅ
121 to walk a'jappa ᨕᨍᨄ
122 to come ammangei ᨕᨆᨕᨂᨙᨕᨗ
123 to lie (as in a bed) anra'ba-ra'ba ᨕᨑᨅᨑᨅ
124 to sit ammempo ᨕᨆᨙᨄᨚ
125 to stand ammenteng ᨕᨆᨙᨈᨙ
126 to turn (intransitive) a'bilu' ᨕᨅᨗᨒᨘ
127 to fall ammattung ᨕᨆᨈᨘ
128 to give assare ᨕᨔᨑᨙ
129 to hold anneteng ᨕᨊᨙᨈᨙ
130 to squeeze ammacco' ᨕᨆᨌᨚ
131 to rub akkeso' ᨕᨀᨙᨔᨚ
132 to wash a'bissa ᨕᨅᨗᨔ
133 to wipe a'hong ᨕᨖᨚ
134 to pull a'beso' ᨕᨅᨙᨔᨚ
135 to push annyorong ᨕᨎᨚᨑᨚ
136 to throw a'gandong ᨕᨁᨉᨚ
137 to tie annikko' ᨕᨊᨗᨀᨚ
138 to sew anjai' ᨕᨍᨕᨗ
139 to count a'rekeng, ammilang ᨕᨑᨙᨀᨙ, ᨕᨆᨗᨒ
140 to say akkana ᨕᨀᨊ
141 to sing akkelong ᨕᨀᨙᨒᨚ
142 to play akkarena ᨕᨀᨑᨙᨊ
143 to float ammawang ᨕᨆᨏ
144 to flow assolong ᨕᨔᨚᨒᨚ
145 to freeze a'donteng ᨕᨉᨚᨈᨙ
146 to swell akkambang ᨕᨀᨅ
147 sun dalle ᨉᨒᨙ
148 moon bulang ᨅᨘᨒ
149 star bintoeng ᨅᨗᨈᨚᨕᨙ
150 water je'ne' ᨍᨙᨊᨙ
151 rain bosi ᨅᨚᨔᨗ
152 river binanga ᨅᨗᨊᨂ
153 lake tamparang la'ba ᨈᨄᨑ ᨒᨅ
154 sea tamparang ᨈᨄᨑ
155 salt ce'la ᨌᨙᨒ
156 stone batu ᨅᨈᨘ
157 sand kassi' ᨀᨔᨗ
158 dust alimbu'bu' ᨕᨒᨗᨅᨘᨅᨘ
159 earth butta ᨅᨘᨈ
160 cloud rammang ᨑᨆ
161 fog saliu' ᨔᨒᨗᨕᨘ
162 sky langi' ᨒᨂᨗ
163 wind anging ᨕᨂᨗ
164 snow - -
165 ice ese' ᨕᨙᨔᨙ
166 smoke romba, ambu ᨑᨚᨅ, ᨕᨅᨘ
167 fire pepe' ᨄᨙᨄᨙ
168 ash au ᨕᨕᨘ
169 to burn attunu ᨕᨈᨘᨊᨘ
170 road agang ᨕᨁ
171 mountain bulu' ᨅᨘᨒᨘ
172 red eja ᨕᨙᨍ
173 green moncongbulo ᨆᨚᨌᨚᨅᨘᨒᨚ
174 yellow kunyi' ᨀᨘᨎᨗ
175 white kebo' ᨀᨙᨅᨚ
176 black le'leng ᨒᨙᨒᨙ
177 night bangngi ᨅᨂᨗᨂᨗ
178 day allo ᨕᨒᨚ
179 year taung ᨈᨕᨘ
180 warm bambang ᨅᨅ
181 cold dinging ᨉᨗᨂᨗ
182 full rassi ᨑᨔᨗ
183 new beru ᨅᨙᨑᨘ
184 old toa ᨈᨚᨕ
185 good baji' ᨅᨍᨗ
186 bad kodi ᨀᨚᨉᨗ
187 rotten bo'nyo' ᨅᨚᨎᨚ
188 dirty ra'masa' ᨑᨆᨔ
189 straight jurusu' ᨍᨘᨑᨘᨔᨘ
190 round bo'dong ᨅᨚᨉᨚ
191 sharp (as a knife) tarang ᨈᨑ
192 dull (as a knife) pokkolo' ᨄᨚᨀᨚᨒᨚ
193 smooth ni'ni' ᨊᨗᨊᨗ
194 wet a'masa' ᨕᨆᨔ
195 dry kalotoro' ᨀᨒᨚᨈᨚᨑᨚ
196 correct annaba ᨕᨊᨅ
197 near ambani ᨕᨅᨊᨗ
198 far bella ᨅᨙᨒ
199 right kanang ᨀᨊ
200 left kairi ᨀᨕᨗᨑᨗ
201 at ri ᨑᨗ
202 in lalang ᨒᨒ
203 with na, siagang , ᨔᨗᨕᨁ
204 and na, siagang , ᨔᨗᨕᨁ
205 if punna ᨄᨘᨊ
206 because ka, lanri, saba' , ᨒᨑᨗ, ᨔᨅ
207 name areng ᨕᨑᨙ

References

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  • Arief, Aburaerah. 1995. Kamus Makassar–Indonesia. Yayasan YAPIK DDI, Ujung Pandang.
  • Jukes, Anthony. 2006. Makassarese (basa Mangkasara’); A description of an Austronesian language of South Sulawesi. PhD thesis, University of Melbourne.
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