Appendix:Proto-Germanic Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Proto-Germanic, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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EnglishProto-Germanic
edit (207)
1I (1sg)*ek
2you (2sg)*þū
3he, she, it (3sg)*iz
4we (1pl)*wīz
5you (2pl)*jūz
6they (3pl)*iz
7this*hiz
8that*sa
9here*hē₂r
10there*þar
11who*hwaz
12what*hwat
13where*hwar
14when*hwan
15how*hwō
16not*ne
17all*allaz
18many*managaz
19some*sumaz
20few*fawaz
21other*anþeraz, *aljaz
22one*ainaz
23two*twai
24three*þrīz
25four*fedwōr
26five*fimf
27big*mikilaz
28long*langaz
29wide*wīdaz, *braidaz
30thick*þekuz
31heavy*kuruz, *swēraz
32small*smalaz, *lītilaz
33short*skurtaz
34narrow*anguz, *narwaz
35thin*þunnuz
36woman*kwenǭ
37man (adult male)*gumô, *weraz
38man (human being)*manô
39child*barną, *kinþą
40wife*kwēniz
41husband*brūdigumô, *weraz, *abô
42mother*mōdēr
43father*fadēr, *attô
44animal*deuzą
45fish*fiskaz
46bird*fuglaz
47dog*hundaz
48louse*lūs
49snake*snakô, *slangô, *nadraz
50worm*wurmiz
51tree*trewą
52forest*furhiþą, *walþuz, *furhō, *skōgaz, *widuz
53stick*stikkô, *stukkaz
54fruit*akraną, *ubatją
55seed*sēdiz, *sēmô
56leaf*laubą
57root*wrōts
58bark (of a tree)*barkuz, *rindǭ
59flower*blōmô
60grass*grasą
61rope*raipaz
62skin*fellą
63meat*mimzą
64blood*blōþą
65bone*bainą
66fat (noun)*faitą, *smultą
67egg*ajją
68horn*hurną
69tail*stertaz
70feather*feþrō
71hair*hērą, *taglą
72head*haubudą
73ear*ausô
74eye*augô
75nose*nusō, *nasō
76mouth*munþaz
77tooth*tanþs
78tongue (organ)*tungǭ
79fingernail*naglaz
80foot*fōts
81leg*lagjaz, *bainą
82knee*knewą
83hand*handuz
84wing*wēingaz, *flugilaz, *fiþriją
85belly*būkaz
86guts*garnō, *þarmaz
87neck*hnakkô, *halsaz
88back*baką
89breast*breustą, *brusts
90heart*hertô
91liver*librō
92to drink*drinkaną
93to eat*etaną
94to bite*bītaną
95to suck*sūganą
96to spit*spīwaną
97to vomit*spīwaną
98to blow*wēaną
99to breathe*anþijaną
100to laugh*hlahjaną
101to see*sehwaną
102to hear*hauzijaną
103to know*knēaną, *kunnaną, *witaną
104to think*þankijaną, *hugjaną, *munaną
105to smell*smuljaną, *reukaną
106to fear*aganą
107to sleep*slēpaną
108to live*libjaną
109to die*dawjaną
110to kill*daudijaną
111to fight*fehtaną
112to hunt*waiþijaną, *jakkōną, *huntōną
113to hit*slahaną
114to cut*maitaną, *snīþaną
115to split*splītaną, *dailijaną
116to stab*stikaną
117to scratch*krattōną, *hrībaną
118to dig*grabaną
119to swim*swimmaną
120to fly*fleuganą
121to walk*ganganą, *gāną, *līþaną
122to come*kwemaną
123to lie (as in a bed)*ligjaną
124to sit*sitjaną
125to stand*standaną, *stāną
126to turn (intransitive)*hwerbaną, *þrēaną
127to fall*fallaną
128to give*gebaną
129to hold*haldaną
130to squeeze*hnīpaną
131to rub*nūaną
132to wash*þwahaną, *waskaną
133to wipe*wīpōną
134to pull*teuhaną, *draganą, *tugōną
135to push*þrukkijaną, *skeubaną
136to throw*werpaną, *kastōną
137to tie*bindaną
138to sew*siwjaną, *nēaną
139to count*raþjaną
140to say*kweþaną, *sagjaną
141to sing*singwaną
142to play*laikaną
143to float*flutōną, *fleutaną
144to flow*flōaną
145to freeze*freusaną
146to swell*swellaną
147sun*sunnǭ, *sōwulō
148moon*mēnô
149star*sternǭ
150water*watōr
151rain*regną
152river*ahwō
153lake*lakō
154sea*mari, *saiwiz
155salt*saltą
156stone*stainaz
157sand*samdaz
158dust*dustą, *stubjuz
159earth*erþō
160cloud*wulkaną, *melhmô
161fog*nebulaz, *mihstaz
162sky*himinaz
163wind*windaz
164snow*snaiwaz
165ice*īsą
166smoke*raukiz
167fire*fōr
168ash*askǭ
169to burn*brinnaną
170road*wegaz
171mountain*bergaz
172red*raudaz
173green*grōniz
174yellow*gelwaz
175white*hwītaz
176black*swartaz, *blakaz
177night*nahts
178day*dagaz
179year*jērą, *aþna-
180warm*warmaz
181cold*kaldaz
182full*fullaz
183new*niwjaz
184old*sinīgaz
185good*gōdaz
186bad*ubilaz
187rotten*fausaz, *rutāndz
188dirty*fūlaz
189straight*strakaz
190round*trindaz, *kraitijaz
191sharp (as a knife)*hwassaz
192dull (as a knife)*slaiwaz
193smooth*slihtaz
194wet*wētaz, *nataz
195dry*þursuz
196correct*rehtaz
197near*nēhwaz
198far*ferrai
199right*tehswô
200left*winistraz
201at*at
202in*in
203with*midi
204and*jahw, *andi
205if*jabai
206because*hwandê
207name*namô
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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