Appendix:Middle Korean Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Middle Korean, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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No. English Middle Korean IPA Transcription
1 I (na) /nà/
2 you (singular) (ne), 그듸 (kutuy, polite) /nə̀/, /kɨ̀.tɨ̀j/ nè, kùtùy
3 he no fixed pronoun
4 we 우〮리〮 (wúlí) /ú.lí/ wúlí
5 you (plural) 너희 (nehuy) /nə̀.hɨ̀j/ nèhùy
6 they no fixed pronoun
7 this 이〮 (í) /í/ í
8 that (ku, medial), 뎌〮 (tyé, distal) /kɨ̀/, /tjə́/ kù, tyé
9 here 이ᅌᅦ (ingey) /ìŋ.ə̀j/ ìngèy
10 there 그ᅌᅦ (kungey, medial), 뎌ᅌᅦ (tyengey, distal) /kɨ̀ŋ.ə̀j/, /tjə̀.ŋə̀j/ kùngèy, tyèngèy
11 who 누〮 (nwú) /nú/ nwú
12 what 어느〮 (ènú), 므슴〮 (mùsúm) /ə̀.nɨ́/, /mɨ̀.sɨ́m/ ènú, mùsúm
13 where 어듸〮 (ètúy) /ə̀.tɨ́j/ ètúy
14 when 어느〮제 (ènúcèy), 언〯제 (ěncèy) /ə̀.nɨ́ t͡sə̀j/, /ə̌n.t͡sə̀j/ ènú cèy, ěncèy
15 how 엇〯뎨〮 (ěstyéy) /ə̌s.tjə́j/ ěstyéy
16 not 아니〮 (àní) /à.ní/ àní
17 all 믈읫 (muluys), 모ᄃᆞᆫ〮 (mwòtón) /mɨ̀l.ɣɨ̀js/, /mò.tʌ́n/ mùlGùys, mwòtón
18 many 하다〮 (hàtá) /hà.tá/ hà-tá
19 some 현〮 (hyén), 몇〮 (myéch) /hjə́n/, /mjə́t͡s/ hyén, myéch
20 few 젹〯다〮 (cyěktá) /t͡sjə̌k.tá/ cyěk-tá
21 other 다ᄅᆞ다〮 (tàlòtá) /tà.lʌ̀.tá/ tàlò-tá
22 one ᄒᆞ낳〮 (hònáh) /hʌ̀.náh/ hònáh
23 two 둟〯 (twǔlh) /tǔlh/ twǔlh
24 three 셓〯 (sěyh) /sə̌jh/ sěyh
25 four 넿〯 (něyh) /nə̌jh/ něyh
26 five 다ᄉᆞᆺ〮 (tàsós) /tà.sʌ́s/ tàsós
27 big 크〮다〮 (khútá) /kʰɨ́.tá/ khú-tá
28 long 길〯다〮 (kǐltá) /kǐl.tá/ kǐl-tá
29 wide 넙다〮 (nèptá) /nə̀p.tá/ nèp-tá
30 thick 둗겁〯다〮 (twùtkěptá) /tùt.kə̌β.tá/ twùtkěW-tá
31 heavy 므〮겁다〮 (múkèptá) /mɨ́.kə̀β.tá/ múkèW-tá
32 small 젹〯다〮 (cyěktá), 쟉〯다〮 (cyǎktá) /t͡sjə̌k.tá/, /t͡sjǎk.tá/ cyěk-tá, cyǎk-tá
33 short 뎌르다〮 (tyèlùtá) /tjə̀.lɨ̀.tá/ tyèlù-ta
34 narrow 좁다〮 (cwòptá) /t͡sòp.tá/ cwòp-tá
35 thin 엷〯다〮 (yělptá) /jə̌lp.tá/ yělp-tá
36 woman (kas), 겨〯집 (kyěcìp) /kàs/, /kjə̌.t͡sìp/ kàs, kyěcìp
37 man (adult male) ᄮᅡᄒᆡ〮 (snàhóy) /snà.hʌ́j/ snàhóy
38 man (human being) 사〯ᄅᆞᆷ (sǎlòm) /sǎ.lʌ̀m/ sǎlòm
39 child 아ᄒᆡ〮 (àhóy) /à.hʌ́j/ àhóy
40 wife 겨〯집 (kyěcìp), (kas), 부〯ᅀᅵᆫ (pwǔzìn) /kjə̌.t͡sìp/, /kàs/, /pǔ.zìn/ kyěcìp, kàs, pwǔzìn
41 husband 남진 (namcin) /nàm.t͡sìn/ nàmcìn
42 mother 어〮미〮 (émí) /ə́.mí/ émí
43 father 아비〮 (àpí) /à.pí/ àpí
44 animal 쥬ᇰᄉᆡᇰ (cyungsoyng) /t͡sjùŋ.sʌ̀jŋ/ cywùngsòyng
45 fish 고기〮 (kwòkí) /kò.kí/ kwòkí
46 bird 새〯 (sǎy) /sǎj/ sǎy
47 dog 가히〮 (kàhí) /kà.hí/ kàhí
48 louse 니〮 () /ní/
49 snake ᄇᆞ〮얌 (póyàm) /pʌ́.jàm/ póyàm
50 worm 벌에〮 (pèléy) /pə̀l.ɣə́j/ pèlGéy
51 tree 나모 (namwo) /nà.mò/ nàmwò
52 forest 숳〮 (swúh), 수플〮 (swùphúl) /súh/, /sù.pʰɨ́l/ swúh, swùphúl
53 stick 막다히〮 (màktàhí) /màk.tà.hí/ màktàhí
54 fruit 여름〮 (yèlúm) /jə̀.lɨ́m/ yèlúm
55 seed ᄡᅵ〮 (psí) /psí/ psí
56 leaf 닢〮 (níph) /nípʰ/ níph
57 root 불휘〮 (pwùlhwúy) /pùl.húj/ pwùlhwúy
58 bark (of a tree) 겁질 (kepcil) /kə̀p.t͡sìl/ kèpcìl
59 flower (kwoc) /kòt͡s/ kwòc
60 grass 플〮 (phúl, herbaceous plant) /pʰɨ́l/ phúl
61 rope (nwoh), ᄉᆞᆾ〮 (sóch) /nòh/, /sʌ́t͡sʰ/ nwòh, sóch
62 skin (kach) /kàt͡sʰ/ kàch
63 meat 고기〮 (kwòkí) /kò.kí/ kwòkí
64 blood 피〮 (phí) /pʰí/ phí
65 bone ᄲᅧ〮 (spyé) /spjə́/ spyé
66 fat (noun) 고〯지〮 (kwǒcí) /kǒ.t͡sí/ kwǒcí
67 egg 앓〮 (álh) /álh/ álh
68 horn ᄲᅳᆯ〮 (spúl) /spɨ́l/ spúl
69 tail ᄭᅩ리〮 (skwòlí) /skò.lí/ skwòlí
70 feather 짗〮 (cích) /t͡sít͡sʰ/ cích
71 hair (thel) /tʰə̀l/ thèl
72 head 머리〮 (mèlí), 마리〮 (màlí) /mə̀.lí/, /mà.lí/ mèlí, màlí
73 ear 귀〮 (kwúy) /kúj/ kwúy
74 eye 눈〮 (nwún) /nún/ nwún
75 nose 곻〮 (kwóh) /kóh/ kwóh
76 mouth 입〮 (íp) /íp/ íp
77 tooth 니〮 () /ní/
78 tongue (organ) 혀〮 (hyé) /hjə́/ hyé
79 fingernail 톱〮 (thwóp, nail), (twop, nail) /tʰóp/, /tòp/ thwóp, twòp
80 foot 발〮 (pál) /pál/ pál
81 leg 다리 (tali) /tà.lì/ tàlì
82 knee 무뤂 (mwulwuph) /mù.lùpʰ/ mwùlwùph
83 hand 손〮 (swón) /són/ swón
84 wing ᄂᆞᆯ〮개 (nólkày), ᄂᆞᆯ〮애 (nólày) /nʌ́l.kàj/, /nʌ́l.ɣàj/ nólkày, nólGày
85 belly ᄇᆡ〮 (póy) /pʌ́j/ póy
86 guts 애〯 (ǎy) /ǎj/ ǎy
87 neck (mwok) /mòk/ mwòk
88 back 드ᇰ (tung) /tɨ̀ŋ/ tùng
89 breast 가ᄉᆞᆷ〮 (kàsóm) /kà.sʌ́m/ kàsóm
90 heart ᄆᆞᅀᆞᆷ (mozom), 렴토ᇰ (lyemthwong) /mʌ̀.zʌ̀m/, /ljə̀m.tʰòŋ/ mòzòm, lyèmthwòng
91 liver 간〮 (kán) /kán/ kán
92 to drink 마시〮다〮 (màsítá), 먹다〮 (mèktá) /mà.sì.tá/, /mə̀k.tá/ màsì-tá, mèk-tá
93 to eat 먹다〮 (mèktá) /mə̀k.tá/ mèk-tá
94 to bite 믈다〮 (mùltá) /mɨ̀l.tá/ mùl-tá
95 to suck ᄲᆞᆯ〮다〮 (spóltá) /spʌ́l.tá/ spól-tá
96 to spit 밭다〮 (pàthtá) /pàtʰ.tá/ pàth-tá
97 to vomit 개오〮다〮 (kàywótá) /kàj.ɣó.tá/ kàyGwó-tá
98 to blow 블〯다〮 (pǔltá) /pɨ̌l.tá/ pǔl-tá
99 to breathe 쉬〯다〮 (swǔytá) /sǔj.tá/ swǔy-tá
100 to laugh 웃〯다〮 (wǔstá) /ǔz.tá/ wǔz-tá
101 to see 보다〮 (pwòtá) /pò.tá/ pwò-tá
102 to hear 듣다〮 (tùttá) /tɨ̀t.tá/ tùt-tá
103 to know 알〯다〮 (ǎltá) /ǎl.tá/ ǎl-tá
104 to think 혜〯다〮 (hyěytá), ᄉᆞ라ᇰᄒᆞ다〮 (sòlànghòtá), ᄉᆡᇰ〮각〮ᄒᆞ다 (sóyngkákhòtà) /hjə̌j.tá/, /sʌ̀.làŋ hʌ̀.tá/, /sʌ́jŋ.kák hʌ̀.tá/ hyěy-tá, sòlàng hò-tá, sóyngkák hò-tá
105 to smell 맡다〮 (màthtá) /màtʰ.tá/ màth-tá
106 to fear 두리〮다〮 (twùlítá), 므ᅀᅴ〮다〮 (mùzúytá) /tù.lí.tá/, /mɨ̀.zɨ́j.tá/ twùlí-tá, mùzúy-tá
107 to sleep ᄌᆞ다〮 (còtá) /t͡sʌ̀.tá/ cò-tá
108 to live 살〯다〮 (sǎltá) /sǎl.tá/ sǎl-tá
109 to die 죽다〮 (cwùktá) /t͡sùk.tá/ cwùk-tá
110 to kill 주기〮다〮 (cwùkítá) /t͡sù.kí.tá/ cwùkí-tá
111 to fight ᄃᆞ토〮다〮 (tòthwótá), 싸호〮다〮 (ssàhwótá) /tʌ̀.tʰó.tá/, /s͈à.hó.tá/ tòthwó-tá, ssàhwó-tá
112 hunt (noun) 산ᄒᆡᇰ (sanhoyng) /sàn.hʌ̀jŋ/ sànhòyng
113 to hit 티〮다〮 (thítá) /tʰí.tá/ thí-tá
114 to cut 긏다〮 (kùchtá), ᄌᆞᄅᆞ다〮 (còlòtá) /kɨ̀t͡sʰ.tá/, /t͡sʌ̀.lʌ̀.tá/ kùch-tá, còlò-tá
115 to split 가ᄅᆞ다〮 (kàlòtá) /kà.lʌ̀.tá/ kàlò-tá
116 to stab 디ᄅᆞ다〮 (tìlòtá) /tì.lʌ̀.tá/ tìlò-tá
117 to scratch 긁다〮 (kùlktá) /kɨ̀lk.tá/ kùlk-tá
118 to dig ᄑᆞ〮다〮 (phótá) /pʰʌ́.tá/ phó-tá
119 to swim 헤〯다〮 (hěytá) /hə̌j.tá/ hěy-tá
120 to fly ᄂᆞᆯ다〮 (nòltá) /nʌ̀l.tá/ nòl-tá
121 to walk 걷〯다〮 (kěttá) /kə̌t.tá/ kět-tá
122 to come 오다〮 (wòtá) /ò.tá/ wò-tá
123 to lie (as in a bed) 눕다〮 (nwùptá) /nùβ.tá/ nwùW-tá
124 to sit 앉다〮 (ànctá) /ànt͡s.tá/ ànc-tá
125 to stand 셔다〮 (syètá) /sjə̀.tá/ syè-tá
126 to turn (intransitive) 돌〯다〮 (twǒltá) /tǒl.tá/ twǒl-tá
127 to fall 디다〮 (tìtá) /tì.tá/ tì-tá
128 to give 주다〮 (cwùtá) /t͡sù.tá/ cwù-tá
129 to hold 잡다〮 (càptá) /t͡sàp.tá/ càp-tá
130 to squeeze 누르〮다〮 (nwùlútá), 지즐〮다〮 (cìcúltá) /nù.lɨ́.tá/, /t͡sì.t͡sɨ́l˦.tá/ nwùlú-tá, cìcúl-tá
131 to rub 비븨〮다〮 (pìpúytá) /pì.pɨ́j.tá/ pìpúy-tá
132 to wash 싯다〮 (sìstá) /sìs.tá/ sìs-tá
133 to wipe 다ᇧ다〮 (tàsktá) /tàsk.tá/ tàsk-tá
134 to pull 그ᅀᅳ다〮 (kùzùtá), 혀다〮 (hyètá) /kɨ̀.zɨ̀.tá/, /hjə̀.tá/ kùzù-tá, hyè-tá
135 to push 밀〯다〮 (mǐltá) /mǐl.tá/ mǐl-tá
136 to throw 더디〮다〮 (tètítá) /tə̀.tí.tá/ tètí-tá
137 to tie ᄆᆡ〯다〮 (mǒytá) /mʌ̌j.tá/ mǒy-tá
138 to sew ᄧᆞ〮다〮 (pcótá) /pt͡sʌ́.tá/ pcó-tá
139 to count 혜〯다〮 (hyěytá) /hjə̌j.tá/ hyěy-tá
140 to say 니르다〮 (nìlùtá), ᄒᆞ다〮 (hòtá) /nì.lʌ̀.tá/, /hʌ̀.tá/ nìlò-tá, hò-tá
141 to sing 브르다〮 (pùlùtá), 놀애〮ᄒᆞ다〮 (nwòláyhòtá) /pɨ̀.lɨ̀.tá/, /nòl.ɣáj hʌ̀.tá/ pùlù-tá, nwòlGáy hò-tá
142 to play 놀〯다〮 (nwǒltá) /nǒl.tá/ nwǒl-tá
143 to float ᄠᅳ〮다〮 (ptútá) /ptɨ́.tá/ ptú-tá
144 to flow 흐르다〮 (hùlùtá) /hɨ̀.lɨ̀.tá/ hùlù-tá
145 to freeze 얼〯다〮 (ěltá) /ə̌l.tá/ ěl-tá
146 to swell 븟〯다〮 (pǔstá) /pɨ̌z.tá/ pǔz-tá
147 sun ᄒᆡ〮 (hóy) /hʌ́j/ hóy
148 moon ᄃᆞᆯ〮 (tól) /tʌ́l/ tól
149 star 별〯 (pyěl) /pjə̌l/ pyěl
150 water 믈〮 (múl) /mɨ́l/ múl
151 rain 비〮 () /pí/
152 river 냏〯 (nǎyh, smallish), 걸〯 (kěl, smallish), ᄀᆞᄅᆞᆷ〮 (kòlóm, large) /nǎjh/, /kə̌l/, /kʌ̀.lʌ́m/ nǎyh, kěl, kòlóm
153 lake 못〮 (mwós, small), ᄀᆞᄅᆞᆷ〮 (kòlóm, large) /mós/, /kʌ̀.lʌ́m/ mwós, kòlóm
154 sea 바ᄅᆞᆯ〮 (pàlól), 바닿〮 (pàtáh) /pà.lʌ́l/, /pà.táh/ pàlól, pàtáh
155 salt 소곰 (swokwom) /sò.kòm/ swòkwòm
156 stone 돓〯 (twǒlh) /tǒlh/ twǒlh
157 sand 몰애〮 (mwòláy) /mòl.ɣáj/ mwòlGáy
158 dust 틔〮 (thúy) /tʰɨ́j/ thúy
159 earth (soil) ᄒᆞᆰ (holk) /hʌ̀lk/ hòlk
160 cloud 구〮룸 (kwúlwùm) /kú.lùm/ kwúlwùm
161 fog 안〯개〮 (ǎnkáy) /ǎn.káj/ ǎnkáy
162 sky 하ᄂᆞᆶ〮 (hànólh) /hà.nʌ́lh/ hànólh
163 wind ᄇᆞᄅᆞᆷ (polom) /pʌ̀.lʌ̀m/ pòlòm
164 snow 눈〯 (nwǔn) /nǔn/ nwǔn
165 ice 어름〮 (èlúm) /ə̀.lɨ́m/ èlúm
166 smoke ᄂᆡ〮 (nóy) /nʌ́j/ nóy
167 fire 블〮 (púl) /pɨ́l/ púl
168 ash ᄌᆡ〮 (cóy) /t͡sʌ́j/ cóy
169 to burn ᄐᆞ〮다〮 (thótá) /tʰʌ́.tá/ thó-tá
170 road 긿〮 (kílh) /kílh/ kílh
171 mountain 묗〯 (mwǒyh) /mǒjh/ mwǒyh
172 red 븕다〮 (pùlktá) /pɨ̀lk.tá/ pùlk-tá
173 green 프르〮다〮 (phùlútá, deep green, blue), ᄑᆞᄅᆞ〮다〮 (phòlótá, bright green, blue) /pʰɨ̀.lɨ́.tá/, /pʰʌ̀.lʌ́.tá/ phùlú-tá, phòló-tá
174 yellow 누르〮다〮 (nwùlútá, deep yellow), 노ᄅᆞ〮다〮 (nwòlótá, bright yellow) /nù.lɨ́.tá/, /nò.lʌ́.tá/ nwùlú-tá, nwòló-tá
175 white 희〮다〮 (húytá, deep white), ᄒᆡ〮다〮 (hóytá, bright white) /hɨ́j.tá/, /hʌ́j.tá/ húy-tá, hóy-tá
176 black 검〯다〮 (kěmtá, deep black), 감〯다〮 (kǎmtá, bright black) /kə̌m.tá/, /kǎm.tá/ kěm-tá, kǎm-tá
177 night 밤〮 (pám) /pám/ pám
178 day 낮〮 (nác) /nát͡s/ nác
179 year ᄒᆡ〮 (hóy) /hʌ́j/ hóy
180 warm 덥〯다〮 (těptá), ᄃᆞᆺ〯다〮 (tǒstá) /tə̌β.tá/, /tʌ̌z.tá/ těW-tá, tǒz-tá
181 cold 칩〮다〮 (chíptá), ᄎᆞ〮다〮 (chótá) /t͡sʰíβ.tá/, /t͡sʰʌ́.tá/ chíW-tá, chó-tá
182 full ᄎᆞ〮다〮 (chótá) /t͡sʰʌ́.tá/ chó-tá
183 new 새〮 (sáy) /sáj/ sáy
184 old 녜〯 (nyěy) /njə̌j/ nyěy
185 good 둏〯다〮 (tyǒhtá) /tjǒh.tá/ tywǒh-tá
186 bad 궂다〮 (kwùctá) /kùt͡s.tá/ kwǔc-tá
187 rotten 석다〮 (sèktá) /sə̀k.tá/ sèk-tá
188 dirty 더〯럽다〮 (tělèptá) /tə̌.lə́β.tá/ těléW-tá
189 straight 곧다〮 (kwòttá) /kòt.tá/ kwòt-tá
190 round 두렵〮다〮 (twùlyéptá) /tù.ljə́β.tá/ twùlyéW-tá
191 sharp (as a knife) ᄂᆞᆯ〮캅다〮 (nólkhàptá) /nʌ́l.kʰáβ.tá/ nólkháW-tá
192 dull (as a knife) 무듸〮다〮 (mwùtúytá) /mù.tɨ́j.tá/ mwùtúy-tá
193 smooth 부드〮럽다〮 (pwùtúlèptá) /pù.tɨ́.lə́β.tá/ pwùtúléW-tá
194 wet 젖다〮 (cèctá) /t͡sə̀t͡s.tá/ cèc-tá
195 dry ᄆᆞᄅᆞ다〮 (mòlòtá), 여위〮다〮 (yèwúytá) /mʌ̀.lʌ̀.tá/, /jə̀.új.tá/ mòlò-tá, yèwúy-tá
196 correct 맞다〮 (màctá), 올〮ᄒᆞ다〮 (wólhòtá) /màt͡s.tá/, /ól.hʌ̀.tá/ màc-tá, wól-hò-tá
197 near 갓갑〯다〮 (kàskǎptá) /kàs.kǎβ.tá/ kàskǎW-tá
198 far 멀〯다〮 (měltá) /mə̌l.tá/ měl-tá
199 right 올〮ᄒᆞᆫ (wólhòn) /ól.hʌ̀n/ wólhòn
200 left 왼〯 (wǒyn) /ǒjn/ wǒyn
201 at 에〮 (-éy), 애〮 (-áy) /-ə́j/, /-áj/ -éy, -áy
202 in (anh, inside) /ánh/ ánh
203 with 으〮로〮 (-úlwó), ᄋᆞ〮로〮 (-ólwó, instrumental) /-ɨ́.ló/, /-ʌ́.ló/ -úlwó, -ólwó
204 and 과〮 (-kwá), 와〮 (-wá) /-kwá/, /-ɣwá/ -kwá, -Gwá
205 if 으〮면〮 (-úmyén), ᄋᆞ〮면〮 (-ómyén) /-ɨ́.mjə́n/, /-ʌ́.mjə́n/ -úmyén, -ómyén
206 because 으〮니〮 (-úní), ᄋᆞ〮니〮 (-óní) /-ɨ́.ní/, /-ʌ́.ní/ -úní, -óní
207 name 일홈〮 (ìlhwóm) /ìl.hóm/ ìlhwóm
208 house (cip) /t͡sìp/ cìp
209 wall 담〮 (tám), ᄇᆞᄅᆞᆷ (polom) /tám/, /pʌ̀.lʌ̀m/ tám, pòlòm
210 deer 사ᄉᆞᆷ〮 (sàsóm) /sà.sʌ́m/ sàsóm
211 mouse 쥐〮 (cwúy) /t͡súj/ cwúy
212 rabbit 톳기〮 (thwòskí) /tʰòs.kí/ thwòskí
213 eagle 수〮리 (swúlì) /sú.lì/ swúlì
214 spider 거믜〮 (kèmúy) /kə̀.mɨ́j/ kèmúy
215 face ᄂᆞᆾ (noch) /nʌ̀t͡s/ nòch
216 body 몸〮 (mwóm) /móm/ mwóm
217 navel ᄇᆡᆺ〮복〮 (póyspwók) /pʌ́js.pók/ póy-s pwók
218 finger 소ᇇ가락 (swonskalak) /sòns.kà.làk/ swòn-s kàlàk
219 sick
(painful)
앓다〮 (àlhtá) /àlh.tá/ àlh-tá
220 needle 바ᄂᆞᆯ〮 (pànól) /pà.nʌ́l/ pànól
221 clothing 옷〮 (wós) /ós/ wós
222 thunder 울〮에 (wúlèy), 벼〮락〮 (pyélák) /úl.ɣə̀j/, /pjə́.lák/ wúlGèy, pyélák
223 lightning 번〮게〮 (pénkéy) /pə́n.kə̀j/ pénkéy
224 above (wuh) /ùh/ wùh
225 below 아래〮 (àláy) /à.làj/ àláy
226 to cough 깇다〮 (kìchtá) /kìt͡s.tá/ kìch-tá
227 to buy 사다〮 (sàtá) /sà.tá/ sà-tá
228 to choose 골오〮다〮 (kwòlwótá) /kòl.ɣó.tá/ kòlGwó-tá
229 to grow ᄌᆞ〮라다〮 (cólàtá), 길〯다〮 (kǐltá) /t͡sʌ́.là.tá/, /kǐl.tá/ cólà-tá, kǐl-tá
230 to open 열〯다〮 (yěltá) /jə̌l.tá/ yěl-tá
231 to steal 일벗다〮 (ìlpèstá) /ìl.pə̀z.tá/ ìlpėz-tá
232 to dream ᄭᅮ〮다〮 (skwútá) /skú.tá/ skwú-tá
233 to cry 울〯다〮 (wǔltá) /ǔl.tá/ wǔl-tá
234 to yawn 하외〮욤ᄒᆞ다〮 (hàwóyyòmhòtá) /hà.ój.jòm hʌ̀.tá/ hàwóyyòm hò-tá
235 to cook 짓〯다〮 (cǐstá), 굽〯다〮 (kwǔptá) /t͡sǐz.tá/, /kǔβ.tá/ cǐz-tá, kǔW-tá
236 six 여슷〮 (yèsús) /jə̀.sɨ́s/ yèsús
237 seven 닐굽〮 (nìlkwúp) /nìl.kúp/ nìlkwúp
238 eight 여듧〮 (yètúlp) /jə̀.tɨ́lp/ yètúlp
239 nine 아홉〮 (àhwóp) /à.hóp/ àhwóp
240 ten 엻〮 (yélh) /jə́lh/ yélh
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Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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