Appendix:Láadan Swadesh list

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Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971. With the exception of some loanwords, Láadan attempts to be an a-priori constructed language with minimal intentional cognates with other languages; however, this list of commonly-used words may be enlightening as to internal word relationships within the language.

List

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key (symbols not internal to Láadan, merely for the purposes of this table):

  • neutral affect, neutral association
  • affect: beloved
  • affect: despised
  • affect: honoured
  • plurality: singular (1)
  • plurality: paucal (2-5)
  • plurality: plural (6+)
  • association: positive
No. English Láadan IPA
pronunciation
1 I le⚀♣, la⚀♥, lhele⚀♠, li⚀♦ /lɛ/, /lɑ/, /ɬɛlɛ/, /lɪ/
2 you (singular) ne⚀♣, na⚀♥, lhene⚀♠, ni⚀♦ /nɛ/, /nɑ/, /ɬɛnɛ/, /nɪ/
3 he behid⚀♣, bahid⚀♥, lhebehid⚀♠, bihid⚀♦
4 we len⚁♣, lezh⚅♣, lan⚁♥, lazh⚅♥, lhelen⚁♠, lhelezh⚅♠, lin⚁♦, lizh⚅♦
5 y'all, yous, yinz
6 they
7 this hi, hithoma, nuhi
8 that hi, hithed, núuhi
9 here nu
10 there núu
11 who
12 what
13 where widahoth
14 when widahath
15 how widaweth
16 not ra
17 all woho
18 many menedebe
19 some
20 few nedebe, ndebe
21 other
22 one nede
23 two shin
24 three boó
25 four bim
26 five shan
27 big rahíya
28 long rabohí
29 wide rahíyamesh
30 thick
31 heavy sho
32 small híya
33 short bohí
34 narrow híyamesh
35 thin
36 woman with, withizh
37 man (male) withid
38 man (human) with
39 child háawith
40 wife eba, ebahizh
41 husband eba, ebahid
42 mother emath, mathul, shathul, wohothul
43 father
44 animal mid
45 fish thili
46 bird babí
47 dog lanemid
48 louse
49 snake ezha
50 worm shéeba
51 tree yáanin
52 forest olin
53 stick nedebosh
54 fruit yu
55 seed thon
56 leaf mid
57 root dol
58 bark (of a tree) boshoya
59 flower mahina
60 grass hesh
61 rope methid
62 skin oya
63 meat deheni
64 blood luhili
65 bone thud
66 fat (noun) zhebom
67 egg máa
68 horn onethud
69 tail hoyo
70 feather hosh, yulish
71 hair delith
72 head on
73 ear oyu
74 eye oyi
75 nose oyo
76 mouth óoyo
77 tooth dash
78 tongue odith
79 fingernail bath
80 foot óoma
81 leg óoba
82 knee
83 hand oma
84 wing yuloma
85 belly
86 guts hodáath
87 neck womedin
88 back wan
89 breast thol
90 heart óoya
91 liver web
92 to drink rilin
93 to eat yod
94 to bite dashobe
95 to suck
96 to spit
97 to vomit
98 to blow
99 to breathe wíyul
100 to laugh ada
101 to see láad oyinan (passive), il (active)
102 to hear láad oyunan (passive), ma (active)
103 to know lothel (not people), an (people)
104 to think lith
105 to smell láad oyonan (passive), shu (active)
106 to fear héeya
107 to sleep áana, ina
108 to live wíi
109 to die
110 to kill dóshebasheb (unattested)
111 to fight rashon
112 to hunt róodeheni (unattested)
113 to hit olob
114 to cut humesh
115 to split dóshin (only in two pieces)
116 to stab hum (unattested as verb)
117 to scratch ubath (of an itch), ibath (generally)
118 to dig rarumadoni (unattested)
119 to swim ilisháad
120 to fly shumáad
121 to walk óomasháad
122 to come sháad
123 to lie (as in a bed) rúu
124 to sit wod, wodehahdo (meditatively)
125 to stand thib
126 to turn (intransitive) wetham
127 to fall háda
128 to give ban
129 to hold widom
130 to squeeze thamehib
131 to rub lámála (caress)
132 to wash dóhéthe (unattested)
133 to wipe
134 to pull
135 to push
136 to throw
137 to tie
138 to sew adal
139 to count lamith
140 to say di
141 to sing lalom
142 to play elash
143 to float
144 to flow shulin (flow over)
145 to freeze dónith (unattested)
146 to swell náwí
147 sun rosh
148 moon óol
149 star ash
150 water ili
151 rain lali
152 river wili
153 lake alu (shallow water body), malu (brackish, shallow water body)
154 sea mela
155 salt máan
156 stone ud
157 sand sheshi
158 dust mezh (powder)
159 earth doni
160 cloud boshum
161 fog úushili
162 sky thosh
163 wind yul
164 snow hish
165 ice nith (frost)
166 smoke
167 fire óowa
168 ash
169 to burn óowa (uncommon)
170 road weth
171 mountain bo
172 red laya
173 green liyen
174 yellow léli
175 white líithi
176 black loyo
177 night náal
178 day sháal
179 year
180 warm owa
181 cold rahowa
182 full ume
183 new bun
184 old rabun (of inanimate things), balin (of people or rarely antiques)
185 good thal, hothal (good place), hathal (good time)
186 bad rathal
187 rotten
188 dirty rahéthe
189 straight raboósh
190 round boósh (curved)
191 sharp (as a knife) huma, hubod
192 dull (as a knife) nodal
193 smooth
194 wet lili, éebemaha (genitals)
195 dry ralili
196 correct dóon
197 near thoma
198 far thed, eríli (past), aríli (future)
199 right hiwetho
200 left hiwetha
201 at -ha
202 in nil
203 with -den (neutrally), (pleasurably)
204 and i
205 if bre (used in conjunction with ébre)
206 because bróo, -wáan
207 name zha

See also

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Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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