Appendix:Temiar Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Temiar, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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No. English Temiar
Temiar
1 I yeeq
2 you (singular) haaq
3 he, she, it na
4 we ääq (inclusive)
kanäq (exclusive)
5 you (plural) kaqan (dual)
nyob (plural)
6 they we (dual)
un (plural)
7 this
8 that
9 here anu
doh-o-doh
10 there
11 who
12 what e-loh
13 where ma-loh
14 when bill
15 how reqe-loh
16 not hoi
hoi kadeq
ö-yobb
17 all suma
kemböh
18 many lembeh
19 some
20 few mäsh
21 other
22 one näi
23 two narr
24 three näq
25 four
26 five
27 big rayah
28 long jeruq
29 wide
30 thick
31 heavy önyu
32 small amäsh
33 short äpedy
34 narrow
35 thin swaq (of body)
beherr (of thickness)
36 woman senoi baboh
37 man (adult male) senoi baböq
38 man (human being)
39 child papööd
40 wife leh
41 husband touh
42 mother amboh
43 father boh
44 animal
45 fish keq
46 bird chäp
47 dog chewaq
48 louse
49 snake tajuq
50 worm chachig
51 tree
52 forest
53 stick
54 fruit keböh
55 seed
56 leaf sela jehub
57 root teek
58 bark (of a tree) senkod jehub
59 flower bunga
60 grass rembang
61 rope
62 skin
63 meat sheedy
64 blood lood
65 bone
66 fat (noun) len-osh
67 egg tabb
68 horn
69 tail
70 feather shoob
71 hair shoog (of head)
72 head jawoog
kui
73 ear gentoq
74 eye mad
75 nose möh
76 mouth nyaag
77 tooth moiny
78 tongue (organ) lentag
79 fingernail chenrosh
80 foot juq
81 leg
82 knee karol
83 hand tapar
84 wing kenyeg
85 belly
86 guts
87 neck tangen
88 back kröq
89 breast bot (of female)
90 heart hup
91 liver kemad
92 to drink oog
93 to eat chaq
94 to bite kab
95 to suck
96 to spit gentoh
97 to vomit koq
98 to blow
99 to breathe bar-henum
100 to laugh lug
101 to see nee
102 to hear keyoq
103 to know tuok
104 to think pikirr
105 to smell ngoi
106 to fear
107 to sleep turui
108 to live gööl
109 to die kobush
110 to kill kerrbush
111 to fight gadoh
kakab (of animals)
112 to hunt bläb-bläb
113 to hit peluq
114 to cut
115 to split
116 to stab jeluq
117 to scratch giish
118 to dig pög
119 to swim kayo
120 to fly heeg
121 to walk chiib juq
122 to come
123 to lie (as in a bed)
124 to sit jarod
125 to stand töd
126 to turn (intransitive)
127 to fall klöq
128 to give og
129 to hold
130 to squeeze
131 to rub giig
132 to wash shuud
133 to wipe
134 to pull jeng
135 to push tulag
136 to throw bush (away)
137 to tie bög
138 to sew
139 to count
140 to say tuh (speak)
141 to sing gabag
142 to play
143 to float
144 to flow vid
145 to freeze
146 to swell
147 sun mad ish
148 moon gencheq
149 star perloi
150 water oog
151 rain natö
152 river tiuu
153 lake takong
154 sea laud
155 salt garam
156 stone batu
157 sand pantai
158 dust
159 earth täq (soil)
160 cloud rahuu
161 fog sagub
162 sky rahuu-teh
163 wind hel-hull
164 snow
165 ice
166 smoke tun (verb)
167 fire oosh
168 ash habug
169 to burn churr (of field)
nyoh (of wood)
170 road nong rayah
171 mountain jelmoll
172 red chelug
173 green blaqöög
174 yellow
175 white biuug
176 black rengah
177 night layeg
178 day ish
179 year
180 warm
181 cold dekad (for people)
senged (for things)
182 full
183 new pai
184 old tata
jajah
185 good meedy
186 bad jahad (evil)
187 rotten sasho
188 dirty laqöss (for people)
besoq (for things)
189 straight
190 round teldel
191 sharp (as a knife) peheny
192 dull (as a knife)
193 smooth
194 wet
195 dry
196 correct
197 near
198 far jeruq
199 right töp
200 left yell
201 at ma-
202 in kloody
en-
203 with
204 and wab
205 if
206 because e-loh mon
207 name könuu

See also

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Bibliography

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  • Carey, Iskandar (1961), Tengleq Kui Serok, Kuala Lumpur, Federation of Malaya.
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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