Appendix:Sumerian Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Sumerian, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, read the article: Swadesh list

The Swadesh word list, developed by the linguist w:Morris Swadesh, is used as a tool to study the evolution of languages. It contains a set of basic words which can be found in every language. Various versions have been created, in particular:

  • a complete 207 words version, in which some of the words are not found in every environment (it contains for instance snake and snow)
  • a reduced 100 words version.

This word list should not be considered as an elementary lexicon to communicate with speakers of a given language; for such a purpose, the numerous existing Wikivoyage lexicons are more useful. Its only objective is to give a rough idea of the language, by showing its lexical and, when possible, phonetics basis.

List

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No. English Sumerian
𒅴𒂠 (EME.ĜIR15)
1 I ĝae, ĝe
2 you (singular) zae, ze
3 he, she, it ane, ene
4 we menden
5 you (plural) menzen, zaemenzen, zaenzen
6 they anene, enene
7 this nen, ne
8 that re
9 here gu'e
10 there gure
11 who aba
12 what ana, ta
13 where mea, me, ma
14 when menam
15 how anagin, tagin
16 not nu
17 all du
18 many i'iz
19 some
20 few
21 other balare
22 one aš, diš, did
23 two min
24 three eš, peš
25 four limmu
26 five ya
27 big gal
28 long sud4, gíd[BU]
29 wide peš, dangal
30 thick kul
31 heavy dugud, kul
32 small gi17, tur
33 short gud8
34 narrow sig
35 thin gi17
36 woman mu10, munus, géme
37 man (adult male) na, lú
38 man (human being) erim, lú
39 child dumu, tur
40 wife dam
41 husband dam, ngitlam
42 mother ama
43 father ada, pab
44 animal ning-úr-limmu (quadruped)
45 fish ku6
46 bird mušen, hu
47 dog ur
48 louse uh3
49 snake muš, ušum
50 worm mar
51 tree ngiš
52 forest tir
53 stick ngiš
54 fruit gurun
55 seed a
56 leaf (ngiš)pa
57 root (ngiš) i-ri9-na
58 bark (of a tree)
59 flower ul, gi-rin
60 grass ú
61 rope éše
62 skin su
63 meat uzu, su
64 blood úš, múd, ùri
65 bone (ngiš)gag
66 fat (noun) ìa
67 egg nuz
68 horn si
69 tail kun
70 feather (ngiš)pa
71 hair siki
72 head sang, ugu
73 ear ngeštug
74 eye igi
75 nose kiri3,4
76 mouth ka
77 tooth zu
78 tongue (organ) eme
79 fingernail umbin
80 foot ngìri
81 leg pah[LUL], úr
82 knee (ngiš)gag
83 hand buzur, šu
84 wing (ngiš)pa
85 belly
86 guts šag4
87 neck
88 back háš
89 breast gaba
90 heart ur5HAR, šà, lipiš
91 liver bà, ur5HAR
92 to drink nang
93 to eat gu7
94 to bite zú-gub
95 to suck sub
96 to spit zug4
97 to vomit buru8
98 to blow ru
99 to breathe zi
100 to laugh išiš2,3
101 to see igi
102 to hear ngeštug
103 to know zu
104 to think ngeštug
105 to smell hab2, ir10
106 to fear
107 to sleep ù
108 to live sig7
109 to die ug4,5,7,8
110 to kill ug4,5,7,8
111 to fight du14
112 to hunt taka
113 to hit ra
114 to cut kud, tar, ša5
115 to split dar
116 to stab ra
117 to scratch hur
118 to dig bal
119 to swim
120 to fly dal
121 to walk du
122 to come du
123 to lie (as in a bed) ku, nud
124 to sit suš
125 to stand gub
126 to turn (intransitive) gur
127 to fall šub
128 to give ba, ru
129 to hold da
130 to squeeze hir[KEŠDA]
131 to rub sub
132 to wash tu5,17
133 to wipe sub
134 to pull rig
135 to push taka
136 to throw ri
137 to tie dab2,4,5
138 to sew
139 to count šita5
140 to say ég, bi
141 to sing mud6, tuš
142 to play ešemen2,3
143 to float dirig
144 to flow zal
145 to freeze halba2,3
146 to swell mah
147 sun ud
148 moon iti, itud
149 star ul, mul
150 water a
151 rain im
152 river id, ída
153 lake ab, aba
154 sea ab, aba, nab
155 salt mun
156 stone na4
157 sand sahar
158 dust ukum
159 earth ki
160 cloud imi, muru9, dugud
161 fog muru9
162 sky an
163 wind líl
164 snow šeg,8,9
165 ice šeg8,9
166 smoke i-bí
167 fire izi
168 ash
169 to burn tab, bil
170 road a-rá, sila3
171 mountain kur, iši
172 red sa-sa
173 green sig7
174 yellow sig7
175 white kug
176 black gíg
177 night ngi6
178 day u4
179 year mu
180 warm kúm
181 cold ten
182 full éšša
183 new gibil
184 old ul, libir
185 good dùg
186 bad hul
187 rotten hab2, sungin
188 dirty pe-el-lá
189 straight
190 round ninda
191 sharp (as a knife)
192 dull (as a knife)
193 smooth
194 wet lah
195 dry háda
196 correct gi-na
197 near da
198 far ta, sud
199 right zi-da
200 left gùb-bu
201 at da
202 in a
203 with
204 and ga
205 if
206 because mu
207 name mu

See also

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Bibliography

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  • Sumerian Lexicon by John A. O'Halloran
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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