Appendix:Papiamento Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Papiamentu, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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No. English Papiamento
Papiamentu
1 I mi, ami
2 you (singular) bo, abo
3 he, she, it e
4 we nos
5 you (plural) boso
6 they nan
7 this aki, esaki
8 that esei, esaya
9 here aki
10 there aya, ei
11 who ken, kende
12 what ki, kiko
13 where unda
14 when ki ora, ki dia
15 how kon
16 not no
17 all tur
18 many hopi, mashá
19 some algun
20 few poko
21 other otro
22 one un, unu
23 two dos
24 three tres
25 four kuater
26 five sinku
27 big grandi
28 long largu
29 wide anchu, hanchu
30 thick diki, gordo
31 heavy pisá
32 small chikí
33 short kòrtiku
34 narrow smal
35 thin delegá, flaku
36 woman muhé
37 man (adult male) hòmber
38 man (human being) hende
39 child yu, yiu, mucha
40 wife esposa, kasá
41 husband esposo, kasá
42 mother mama
43 father tata, papa
44 animal bestia, animal
45 fish piská
46 bird para
47 dog kachó
48 louse pieu
49 snake kolebra
50 worm bichi
51 tree palu
52 forest mondi
53 stick baston, palu
54 fruit fruta
55 seed simia
56 leaf blachi, foya
57 root rais
58 bark (of a tree) kaska
59 flower flor
60 grass yerba
61 rope kabuya, liña
62 skin kueru
63 meat karni
64 blood sanger
65 bone wesu
66 fat (noun) vèt, sebu
67 egg webu
68 horn kachu
69 tail rabu
70 feather pluma
71 hair kabei
72 head kabes
73 ear orea
74 eye wowo
75 nose nanishi
76 mouth boka
77 tooth djente
78 tongue (organ) lenga
79 fingernail uña
80 foot pia
81 leg pia, pata
82 knee rudia
83 hand man
84 wing ala, hala
85 belly barika
86 guts tripa, mondongo
87 neck garganta, nèk
88 back lomba
89 breast pechu
90 heart kurason
91 liver higra
92 to drink bebe
93 to eat kome
94 to bite morde
95 to suck chupa
96 to spit skupi
97 to vomit arohá, saka
98 to blow supla, blas
99 to breathe hala rosea, respirá
100 to laugh hari
101 to see mira, weta
102 to hear tende
103 to know sa, sabi
104 to think pensa, kere
105 to smell ole
106 to fear tin miedu
107 to sleep drumi
108 to live biba
109 to die muri
110 to kill mata
111 to fight bringa
112 to hunt yag
113 to hit raka, bati, dal
114 to cut kòrta
115 to split separá, apartá
116 to stab hinka, staka
117 to scratch huña, raspa
118 to dig koba
119 to swim landa
120 to fly bula
121 to walk kana
122 to come bin, bini
123 to lie (as in a bed) keda
124 to sit sinta
125 to stand para
126 to turn (intransitive) drai, bira
127 to fall kai, dal abou
128 to give duna
129 to hold tene
130 to squeeze primi, kinipí
131 to rub frega
132 to wash laba
133 to wipe bari
134 to pull hala, trèk
135 to push pusha
136 to throw benta, tira
137 to tie mara
138 to sew kose
139 to count konta, rek
140 to say bisa
141 to sing kanta
142 to play hunga
143 to float drif
144 to flow kore
145 to freeze fris
146 to swell hincha
147 sun solo
148 moon luna
149 star strea
150 water awa
151 rain awaseru
152 river riu
153 lake lago
154 sea laman
155 salt salu
156 stone piedra, pieda
157 sand santu
158 dust stòf
159 earth tera
160 cloud nubia
161 fog neblina
162 sky shelu
163 wind bientu
164 snow sneu
165 ice eis
166 smoke huma
167 fire kandela
168 ash shinishi
169 to burn kima
170 road kaminda, karetera
171 mountain seru
172 red kòrá
173 green bèrdè
174 yellow hel
175 white blanku
176 black pretu
177 night nochi, anochi
178 day dia
179 year aña
180 warm kayente, kalor
181 cold friu
182 full yen
183 new nobo
184 old bieu
185 good bon
186 bad malu
187 rotten putrí
188 dirty sushi, fis
189 straight stret, dirèkt
190 round rònt, rondó
191 sharp (as a knife) skèrpi
192 dull (as a knife) bòt, stòmpi
193 smooth lizu
194 wet muhá
195 dry seku
196 correct korekto, eksakto
197 near serka
198 far leu
199 right drechi
200 left robes
201 at na
202 in den, na
203 with ku
204 and i, ku
205 if si
206 because komo, pasobra
207 name nòmber

Credits go to Bart Jacobs for the original 100-word Swadesh list and to Roland Hoyer for his contributions in completing this Swadesh list.

Orthography and spelling

Here the spelling of Curaçao and Bonaire is used, as specified in the Official Papiamentu wordlist of the Fundashon pa Planifikashon di Idioma.

Two different types of orthography and spelling are being used: a more phonetic one in Curaçao and Bonaire, and an etymological orthography is being used in Aruba. Many words in Curaçao and Bonaire end with "u", whereas the same word in Aruba ends with an "o". So the name of the language is called Papiamentu in Curaçao and Bonaire, and Papiamento in Aruba. The letter "k" is often used in Curaçao and Bonaire, where in Aruba the "c" is used. In Curaçao and Bonaire accent marks are used in more official writings.

See also

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Neighbouring wiki's

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Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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