Appendix:Purepecha Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Purepecha, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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No. English Purepecha
P'urhépecha
1 I ji
2 you (singular) t'u, cha kakarmal)
3 he ima
4 we jucha
5 you (plural) cha
6 they tsï, tsïma
7 this antiku, arindi
8 that inde
9 here axo, ixo
10 there jima, jini
11 who né-
12 what ambe, eki, je
13 where nani
14 when káni, eki
15 how nana
16 not nómbe, asï
17 all iámendu
18 many kánekua, sánderu, uáni
19 some máru
20 few namunku, sáni
21 other máteru
22 one ma
23 two tsimani
24 three tanimu
25 four t'ámu
26 five iúmu
27 big k'eri
28 long iósti
29 wide kósti
30 thick tepari
31 heavy k'uetsapiti
32 small sapi
33 short axukata
34 narrow no kósti
35 thin ts'auapiti
36 woman uarhi
37 man (adult male) t’arhe
38 man (human being) achá
39 child uátsï, taki
40 wife témba
41 husband uámba
42 mother amamba, nana
43 father tatemba, tata
44 animal iurhutsï
45 fish kuruchi
46 bird kuíni
47 dog uíchu
48 louse ambusï
49 snake akuitsï
50 worm ts’irakua
51 tree anhatapu
52 forest p’ukutapu
53 stick ch’ikari
54 fruit amanhenchakua
55 seed tsikipu
56 leaf chukurhi
57 root sïrangua
58 bark (of a tree) chésï
59 flower tsïtsïki
60 grass uitsakua
61 rope sïndari
62 skin sïkuiri
63 meat k'uiripeta
64 blood iurhiri
65 bone úni
66 fat (noun) tamakua
67 egg uaxanda
68 horn sïuangua
69 tail ch’eti
70 feather p'unguari
71 hair jauiri
72 head éjpu
73 ear indi
74 eye éskua
75 nose úrhi
76 mouth penchumikua
77 tooth sin
78 tongue (organ) katamba
79 fingernail téjki
80 foot durha
81 leg angajtakua
82 knee jurhintskua
83 hand jájki
84 wing k’exkua, k’exi
85 belly chopeorha, k’uparata
86 guts xarhameta
87 neck anhanchakua
88 back pexu
89 breast pexu
90 heart mintsita
91 liver tauasï
92 to drink xurhundini marhuatani
93 to eat t’ireni
94 to bite katsarhini
95 to suck itsuni, tsuparhini
96 to spit t'uátani
97 to vomit jiuani
98 to blow p'unitani
99 to breathe jirestani
100 to laugh terekurhini
101 to see exeni
102 to hear kurhanguni
103 to know jorhenani, mítini
104 to think eratsini
105 to smell t'unurhini
106 to fear chéni
107 to sleep k'uíni
108 to live erekani
109 to die uarhini
110 to kill uándikuni
111 to fight uarhipeni
112 to hunt atani
113 to hit matani
114 to cut akuarhetani, p'ikuni
115 to split arhukuni
116 to stab
117 to scratch
118 to dig
119 to swim xarhiani
120 to fly kárani
121 to walk xanharani
122 to come jurhani
123 to lie (as in a bed) ichapini
124 to sit uaxakani
125 to stand
126 to turn (intransitive)
127 to fall
128 to give íntspeni
129 to hold angaxurhini
130 to squeeze antsiakuni
131 to rub atarheni
132 to wash jupani
133 to wipe
134 to pull antsikuni, antsitani
135 to push pájtamani
136 to throw k'uanikuni, tsïtani
137 to tie tepeni
138 to sew sïrikuni
139 to count arhijpeni, miiuni
140 to say uandani
141 to sing pireni
142 to play ch’anani
143 to float
144 to flow
145 to freeze iauani
146 to swell
147 sun jurhiata
148 moon kutsi
149 star joskua
150 water itsï
151 rain janikua
152 river iurhekua
153 lake japunda
154 sea japunda k’eri
155 salt itukua
156 stone tsakapu
157 sand kutsari
158 dust t’upuri
159 earth echeri
160 cloud xumarhu, janikua
161 fog xuma
162 sky auanda
163 wind tarhiata
164 snow iéjta
165 ice iauakua
166 smoke itsutani (verb)
167 fire ch'ipiri
168 ash t’upuri
169 to burn aparheni
170 road xanharu
171 mountain juata
172 red charhapiti
173 green xurhapiti
174 yellow tsïpambiti
175 white urapiti
176 black turhipiti
177 night chúrekua
178 day jurhiakua
179 year uexurhini
180 warm tsándini
181 cold ts'irakua
182 full uinimuni
183 new jimbanhi
184 old tamapu (things), t’arhe (people)
185 good sesi
186 bad ch'amachamasï (badly made)
187 rotten puri, tereri
188 dirty k'eresï
189 straight jurhimbiti
190 round uirhipiti
191 sharp (as a knife) ambamusku
192 dull (as a knife)
193 smooth
194 wet kuakari
195 dry k'arhiri
196 correct sesï jarhani, maku jakukata, jurhimbiku
197 near jimajku
198 far iauani
199 right jurhimbiti
200 left uikixu
201 at
202 in inchareni
203 with jingoni
204 and ka
205 if k’uaniaka
206 because jimboka
207 name arhikuarhikua
208 house taa, k’uta, k'umanchikua
209 wall tsïntsïkata
210 deer axuni
211 mouse jeiaki
212 rabbit auani
213 eagle uakusï
214 spider sïkuapu
215 face kánarhikua
216 body
217 navel túpu
218 finger munchujkurhakua
219 sick
(painful)
p'amencha
220 needle p’ikukua
221 clothing jukantskua, órhikua
222 thunder
223 lightning
224 above karhakua
225 below kétsekua
226 to cough júni
227 to buy piáni
228 to choose erakuni
229 to grow antsirani, k'éni, k'uiripini
230 to open cháuani, mítani
231 to steal euakurhini, sïpani
232 to dream tsánharhini
233 to cry uerani
234 to yawn arhamarhini
235 to cook jámani, ninirani
236 six kuímu
237 seven yumu tsimani
238 eight yumu tanimu
239 nine yumu t'ámu
240 ten témbeni
241 which náki
242 how many na xani
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Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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