けむ
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See also: ケム
Japanese[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
| Alternative spellings |
|---|
| 煙 烟 (uncommon) |
/kemuri/ → /kemu/
Clipping of 煙 (kemuri, “smoke”).[1][2]
Attested since at least 1275.[1]
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
- [from 1275] 煙, 烟: (informal, colloquial) smoke
Etymology 2[edit]
⟨ke1mu⟩ → */kʲemu/ → /kemu/
From Old Japanese けむ. Attested in the Kojiki of 712[1] and the Man'yōshū of 759 and earlier.[1][5]
Various theories exist regarding the ultimate derivation of this auxiliary verb suffix.[1][5][2]
- Compound of け (ke, a hypothetical 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or imperfective form”) of past-recollective auxiliary き (ki), usually found instead as せ (se)) + む (mu, suppositional auxiliary suffix).[1][2]
- The ke conjugation for past-recollective き (ki) is only hypothetically considered to be the irrealis form. This ke is not found outside of a small handful of suffixes such as this けむ (kemu), its derivative けまく (kemaku), and separate けく (keku), and it remains largely unexplained. That said, the initial /s-/ ↔ /k-/ alternation exhibited in the better-documented conjugated forms is also largely unexplained.
- Compound of 来 (ki, “coming”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 来る (kuru, “to come”)) + 経 (he, “passing through, as of a process or time or place”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 経る (heru, “to pass through”)) + む (mu, suppositional auxiliary suffix).[1]
- */ki pe mu/ → */kifemu/? → */kiemu/ → /kemu/
- Due to the presence of initial /p-/ in the medial Old Japanese 経 (pe, continuative stem, terminal form was pu), the phonological shifts required for this derivation ultimately make this theory seem quite unlikely: linguists generally reconstruct initial /p-/ for Old Japanese and hold that this did not undergo lenition until the late Nara period (710–794) or early Heian period (794–1185), while ⟨ke1mu⟩ → /kʲemu/ is already attested in the Kojiki of 712.
- Compound of き (ki, past-recollective auxiliary suffix) + あむ (amu, hypothetical earlier form of suppositional auxiliary suffix む (mu)).[1][5]
- */ki amu/ → */kiamu/ → /kʲemu/ → /kemu/
- This hypothetical reconstructed amu form for the suppositional suffix is favored by linguists such as Bjarke Frellesvig and Alexander Vovin.
Alternative forms[edit]
- けん (-ken)
Suffix[edit]
- [from 712] (Classical Japanese) used to make the past conjectural form of verbs
- presents a supposition about a past event
- presents a supposition about the cause of a past event
- presents hearsay about a past event
Conjugation[edit]
Attaches to the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”).
This word is morphologically an inflectional suffix. It is classified as 助動詞 (jodōshi, “auxiliary verb”) in traditional Japanese grammar.
Synonyms[edit]
References[edit]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 (in Japanese), First edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN