liels
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Latvian [edit]
Etymology 1 [edit]
From Proto-Indo-European *lei- (“to decrease, to disappear; thin, slim, slender”) (maybe from the stem *el- (“hungry”)), with an extra suffix -l. The semantic development was probably: “thin, slender” > “long, tall (big in height)” > “remarkable because of size, significance.” A more recent suggestion derives liels from Proto-Indo-European *lei- (“to pour, to flow, to drip”) (again with an extra -l), with the meaning changing from “to pour” > “to even, to smooth (by pouring, casting)” > “to iron, to press” > “to make thin by pressing (e.g., a metal sheet)” > “to extend, increase (by pressing),” from which the meaning “big, large.” Cognates include Lithuanian leĩlas (“thin, slender; thin, watery”), leĩnas (“thin, slender; thin, flexible”) (dialectal liẽlas (“big, large”) is a borrowing from Latvian), Old Prussian lailīsnan (“torture (accusative)”) (> inifinitive *lailītwei, in turn from *leil- (“narrow, thin”)), Gothic 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌻𐍃 (leitils, “small, little”), Ancient Greek λειρός (leirós, “smooth, thin, delicate”) (cf. λιμός (līmós, “hunger, starvation”)).[1]
Pronunciation [edit]
- IPA: [līɛ̄ls]
Adjective [edit]
liels (def. lielais, comp. lielāks, sup. vislielākais; adv. lieli)
- big, large (being more than the size of other similar objects, creatures, etc.)
- liels trauks — big bowl
- liels cilvēks, dzīvnieks — large person, animal
- lielas rokas — large hands
- liels ezers — big lake
- liela pilsēta — large city
- big, large (being more than the appropriate size)
- kurpes ir par lielām — the shoes are too big
- big, large (going a longer distance)
- liels atvēziens — big swing
- (of sounds) intense, loud
- mašīnu troksnis bija tik liels, ka cilvēku sarunas tikko varēja sadzirdēt — the machine noise was so loud that one could hardly hear conversations
- high, great, large (having a higher numerical value than usual or normal)
- liels ātrums, blīvums, spiediens — high speed, density, pressure
- liels svars — great, heavy weight
- liels skaits — large number, amount
- liels skaitlis — large number, cipher
- liela peļņa — large profit
- liela nauda — large (sum of) money
- liels piena izlaukums — high milk yield
- liela taukvielu koncentrācija — high fat concentration
- used with numerical values (in the accusative)
- simt paskalu liels spiediens — a pressure of (lit. big of) 100 pascals
- divas tonnas liela masa — a mass of (lit. big of) two tons
- vienu metru liels diametrs — a diameter of (lit. big of) one meter
- Andoras republikas teritorija ir 465 kvadrātkilometrus liela — the territory of the Republic of Andorra is 465 square kilometers (lit. 465 square kilometers big)
- big, grown-up, adult
- Liene ar Juri izauga lieli — Liene and Juri grew big (= grew up)
- lielie ļaudis nav slikti, vismaz tādi kā Ilgas vecmāmiņa — big people (= grown-ups) are not bad, at least those like Ilga's grandmother
- big, large (having many members; )
- liela ģimene — large family
- (of feelings, mental states) big, intense (more intense, more intensely felt)
- liels uztraukums, nogurums — big excitement, tiredness
- lielas bēdas — great sorrow
- liela mīlestība — great love
- big, major, important (having strong influence, being strongly felt, having an impact)
- liels trūkums — big drawback
- liela nabadzība — great poverty
- dzīvot lielā pārticībā — to live in great prosperity
- saņemt lielu dāvanu — to receive a big present
- (of events, actions) more intense, with more intense effects
- liels uzbrukums — large attack
- liela cīņa — big fight
- lieli svētki — big holidays, big celebration
- (of duty, position) important, influential
- liels amats — great, important position, office
- (of situations) great, big {{gloss|[[offer]ing many possibilities}}
- lielas priekšrocības — great advantages
- liela izvēle — big choice
- (of people) great, very skilled; passionate; notable, excellent
- liels amatnieks, organizators, palīgs — great craftsman, organizer, helper
- liela šuvēja — great seamstress
- liels grāmatu lāsītājs — great book reader
- liels makšķernieks — great fisherman
- liels rakstnieks, gleznotājs, mūziķis, melis — great writer, painter, musician, storyteller
- liels varonis — great hero
- lieli draugi — great friends
- (of people) big, important, rich
- liels muižnieks — great lord, gentleman
- liels namīpašnieks — great landlord
- (of events, art, time periods) great, major, important, significant, influential
- lielais karš — the great war
- izvirzīt lielus mērķus — to identify major goals
- lielais balets — great ballet
- liels laikmets rada lielu dzeju — a great era creates great poetry
Declension [edit]
| masculine (vīriešu dzimte) | feminine (sieviešu dzimte) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular (vienskaitlis) |
plural (daudzskaitlis) |
singular (vienskaitlis) |
plural (daudzskaitlis) |
||||||
| nominative (nominatīvs) | liels | lieli | liela | lielas | |||||
| accusative (akuzatīvs) | lielu | lielus | lielu | lielas | |||||
| genitive (ģenitīvs) | liela | lielu | lielas | lielu | |||||
| dative (datīvs) | lielam | lieliem | lielai | lielām | |||||
| instrumental (instrumentālis) | lielu | lieliem | lielu | lielām | |||||
| locative (lokatīvs) | lielā | lielos | lielā | lielās | |||||
| vocative (vokatīvs) | — | — | — | — | |||||
Antonyms [edit]
Derived terms [edit]
Etymology 2 [edit]
From Proto-Indo-European *lei- (“to bend”), from the stem *el- (“to bend”), whence also elkonis (“elbow”)); cf. also laiva (“boat”), leja (“valley”). The original meaning was probably “bending, curvature.” A similar semantic development can be seen in Sanskrit आणिः (āṇíḥ, “leg above knee”) (< *arṇí- < *elni-), Armenian ոլոք (olokʿ, “shinbone”) (< *elok- / *olok-). Another suggestion has liels (“shin, calf (of leg)”) be the nominalized form of the adjective liels (“great, large, big”) with intonational change.[1]
Pronunciation [edit]
- IPA: [liɛ̂ls]
Noun [edit]
liels m, 1st declension
- (anatomy) shin (part of the leg from the knee to the ankle; syn. apakšstilbs, stilbs)
- tikai nupat viņš sajuta sūrstošas sāpes kreisās kājas lielā — only then did he feel a sharp pain in his left leg's shin
- an annual hard widening or growth on a tree (especially conifer) trunk on one side (e.g., on spruces)
Synonyms [edit]
- (annual hard widening or growth on a tree): lielainums
Declension [edit]
Synonyms [edit]
References [edit]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Karulis, Konstantīns. 1992, 2001. Latviešu etimoloģijas vārdnīca. Rīga: AVOTS. ISBN 9984700127.
