καίω
Appearance
Ancient Greek
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Hellenic *káyyō, of uncertain origin. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *keh₂w- (“to burn”), with cognates such as Lithuanian kūlė̃ (“smut fungus ("burnt fungus")”), Latvian kūla (“old; dry; grass of last year”),[1] and possibly Persian سو (su, “light”).
Pronunciation
[edit]- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /kǎi̯.ɔː/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈkɛ.o/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈcɛ.o/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ˈce.o/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈce.o/
Verb
[edit]καίω • (kaíō)
- to light, kindle, set on fire
- to burn, burn up
- to cause to be extremely cold (e.g. of frost)
- (passive voice) to burn with passion
- (middle voice) to make a fire for oneself
- (medicine) to cauterize
Inflection
[edit] Present: καίω, καίομαι
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | καίω | καίεις | καίει | καίετον | καίετον | καίομεν | καίετε | καίουσῐ(ν) | ||||
| subjunctive | καίω | καίῃς | καίῃ | καίητον | καίητον | καίωμεν | καίητε | καίωσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | καίοιμῐ | καίοις | καίοι | καίοιτον | καιοίτην | καίοιμεν | καίοιτε | καίοιεν | |||||
| imperative | καῖε | καιέτω | καίετον | καιέτων | καίετε | καιόντων | |||||||
| middle/ |
indicative | καίομαι | καίῃ, καίει |
καίεται | καίεσθον | καίεσθον | καιόμεθᾰ | καίεσθε | καίονται | ||||
| subjunctive | καίωμαι | καίῃ | καίηται | καίησθον | καίησθον | καιώμεθᾰ | καίησθε | καίωνται | |||||
| optative | καιοίμην | καίοιο | καίοιτο | καίοισθον | καιοίσθην | καιοίμεθᾰ | καίοισθε | καίοιντο | |||||
| imperative | καίου | καιέσθω | καίεσθον | καιέσθων | καίεσθε | καιέσθων | |||||||
| active | middle/ | ||||||||||||
| infinitive | καίειν | καίεσθαι | |||||||||||
| participle | m | καίων | καιόμενος | ||||||||||
| f | καίουσᾰ | καιομένη | |||||||||||
| n | καῖον | καιόμενον | |||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ἔκαιον | ἔκαιες | ἔκαιε(ν) | ἐκαίετον | ἐκαιέτην | ἐκαίομεν | ἐκαίετε | ἔκαιον | ||||
| middle/ |
indicative | ἐκαιόμην | ἐκαίου | ἐκαίετο | ἐκαίεσθον | ἐκαιέσθην | ἐκαιόμεθᾰ | ἐκαίεσθε | ἐκαίοντο | ||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | καῖον | καῖες | καῖε(ν) | καίετον | καιέτην | καίομεν | καίετε | καῖον | ||||
| middle/ |
indicative | καιόμην | καίεο, καίευ |
καίετο | καίεσθον | καιέσθην | καιόμε(σ)θᾰ | καίεσθε | καίοντο | ||||
| Notes: | Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | καύσω | καύσεις | καύσει | καύσετον | καύσετον | καύσομεν | καύσετε | καύσουσῐ(ν) | ||||
| optative | καύσοιμῐ | καύσοις | καύσοι | καύσοιτον | καυσοίτην | καύσοιμεν | καύσοιτε | καύσοιεν | |||||
| middle | indicative | καύσομαι | καύσῃ, καύσει |
καύσεται | καύσεσθον | καύσεσθον | καυσόμεθᾰ | καύσεσθε | καύσονται | ||||
| optative | καυσοίμην | καύσοιο | καύσοιτο | καύσοισθον | καυσοίσθην | καυσοίμεθᾰ | καύσοισθε | καύσοιντο | |||||
| passive | indicative | καυθήσομαι | καυθήσῃ, καυθήσει |
καυθήσεται | καυθήσεσθον | καυθήσεσθον | καυθησόμεθᾰ | καυθήσεσθε | καυθήσονται | ||||
| optative | καυθησοίμην | καυθήσοιο | καυθήσοιτο | καυθήσοισθον | καυθησοίσθην | καυθησοίμεθᾰ | καυθήσοισθε | καυθήσοιντο | |||||
| active | middle | passive | |||||||||||
| infinitive | καύσειν | καύσεσθαι | καυθήσεσθαι | ||||||||||
| participle | m | καύσων | καυσόμενος | καυθησόμενος | |||||||||
| f | καύσουσᾰ | καυσομένη | καυθησομένη | ||||||||||
| n | καῦσον | καυσόμενον | καυθησόμενον | ||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
Future: κᾰήσομαι (late)
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| passive | indicative | κᾰήσομαι | κᾰήσῃ, κᾰήσει |
κᾰήσεται | κᾰήσεσθον | κᾰήσεσθον | κᾰησόμεθᾰ | κᾰήσεσθε | κᾰήσονται | ||||
| optative | κᾰησοίμην | κᾰήσοιο | κᾰήσοιτο | κᾰήσοισθον | κᾰησοίσθην | κᾰησοίμεθᾰ | κᾰήσοισθε | κᾰήσοιντο | |||||
| passive | |||||||||||||
| infinitive | κᾰήσεσθαι | ||||||||||||
| participle | m | κᾰησόμενος | |||||||||||
| f | κᾰησομένη | ||||||||||||
| n | κᾰησόμενον | ||||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
Aorist: ἐκᾰ́ην
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| passive | indicative | ἐκᾰ́ην | ἐκᾰ́ης | ἐκᾰ́η | ἐκᾰ́ητον | ἐκᾰήτην | ἐκᾰ́ημεν | ἐκᾰ́ητε | ἐκᾰ́ησᾰν | ||||
| subjunctive | κᾰῶ | κᾰῇς | κᾰῇ | κᾰῆτον | κᾰῆτον | κᾰῶμεν | κᾰῆτε | κᾰῶσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | κᾰείην | κᾰείης | κᾰείη | κᾰεῖτον, κᾰείητον |
κᾰείτην, κᾰειήτην |
κᾰεῖμεν, κᾰείημεν |
κᾰεῖτε, κᾰείητε |
κᾰεῖεν, κᾰείησᾰν | |||||
| imperative | κᾰ́ηθῐ | κᾰήτω | κᾰ́ητον | κᾰήτων | κᾰ́ητε | κᾰέντων | |||||||
| passive | |||||||||||||
| infinitive | κᾰῆναι | ||||||||||||
| participle | m | κᾰείς | |||||||||||
| f | κᾰεῖσᾰ | ||||||||||||
| n | κᾰέν | ||||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
Pluperfect: ἐκεκαύκειν, ἐκεκαύμην
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ἐκεκαύκειν, ἐκεκαύκη |
ἐκεκαύκεις, ἐκεκαύκης |
ἐκεκαύκει(ν) | ἐκεκαύκετον | ἐκεκαυκέτην | ἐκεκαύκεμεν | ἐκεκαύκετε | ἐκεκαύκεσᾰν | ||||
| middle/ |
indicative | ἐκεκαύμην | ἐκέκαυσο | ἐκέκαυτο | ἐκέκαυσθον | ἐκεκαύσθην | ἐκεκαύμεθᾰ | ἐκέκαυσθε | ἐκέκαυντο | ||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
Antonyms
[edit]- σβέννυμι (sbénnumi)
Derived terms
[edit]- ἀνακαίω (anakaíō)
Related terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- Byzantine Greek: καίω (kaíō), καίγω (kaígō)
References
[edit]- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “καίω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 618
Further reading
[edit]- “καίω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940), A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- καίω in Bailly, Anatole (1935), Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- καίω in Pape, Wilhelm (1914), Max Sengebusch, editor, Handwörterbuch der griechischen Sprache[1] (in German), 3rd edition, Braunschweig: Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn
- καίω in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924), A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- “καίω”, in Slater, William J. (1969), Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
- “καίω”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891), A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- “καίω”, in Liddell & Scott (1889), An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- Bauer, Walter et al. (2001), A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
- G2545 in Strong, James (1979), Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
- καίω, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] Dictionaries for Ancient Greek and Latin (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, since 2011
Greek
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]- καίγω (kaígo) (less frequent)
Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Ancient Greek καίω (kaíō); the form καίγω (kaígo), from Medieval καίγω (kaígō), from Proto-Hellenic *kayyō. Also see καύση (káfsi, “burning”).
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]καίω • (kaío) (past έκαψα, passive καίγομαι, p‑past κάηκα, ppp καμένος)
- (transitive, intransitive) to burn, burn down, set on fire
- to cremate
- to singe
- to sterilise
Conjugation
[edit]καίω (καίγω), καίγομαι, (καίομαι)
| Active voice ➤ | Passive voice ➤ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indicative mood ➤ | Imperfective aspect ➤ | Perfective aspect ➤ | Imperfective aspect | Perfective aspect |
| Non-past tenses ➤ | Present ➤ | Dependent ➤ | Present | Dependent |
| 1 sg | καίω / (καίγω) | κάψω | καίγομαι / [καίομαι]1 | καώ |
| 2 sg | καις, [καίεις]1 / [καίγεις] | κάψεις | καίγεσαι / [καίεσαι] | καείς |
| 3 sg | καίει / [καίγει] | κάψει | καίγεται / [καίεται] | καεί |
| 1 pl | καίμε, [καίουμε, καίομε] / καίγουμε, [καίγομε] | κάψουμε, [‑ομε] | καιγόμαστε / [καιόμαστε] | καούμε |
| 2 pl | καίτε, [καίετε] / καίγετε | κάψετε | καίγεστε, καιγόσαστε / [καίεστε] | καείτε |
| 3 pl | καίνε, καιν, [καίουν(ε)] / (καίγουν, καίγουνε) | κάψουν(ε) | καίγονται / [καίονται] | καούν(ε) |
| Past tenses ➤ | Imperfect ➤ | Simple past ➤ | Imperfect | Simple past |
| 1 sg | έκαιγα, [έκαια]1 | έκαψα | καιγόμουν(α), {καιόμουν}1 | κάηκα |
| 2 sg | έκαιγες, [έκαιες] | έκαψες | καιγόσουν(α), {καιόσουν} | κάηκες |
| 3 sg | έκαιγε, [έκαιε] | έκαψε | καιγόταν(ε), {καιόταν} | κάηκε |
| 1 pl | καίγαμε, [καίαμε] | κάψαμε | καιγόμασταν, (‑όμαστε), {καιόμασταν} | καήκαμε |
| 2 pl | καίγατε, [καίατε] | κάψατε | καιγόσασταν, (‑όσαστε), {καιόσασταν} | καήκατε |
| 3 pl | έκαιγαν, καίγαν(ε), {έκαιαν} | έκαψαν, κάψαν(ε) | καίγονταν, (καιγόντουσαν), {καίονταν} | κάηκαν, καήκαν(ε) |
| Future tenses ➤ | Continuous ➤ | Simple ➤ | Continuous | Simple |
| 1 sg | θα καίω / (καίγω) ➤ | θα κάψω ➤ | θα καίγομαι / [καίομαι] ➤ | θα κάω ➤ |
| 2,3 sg, 1,2,3 pl | θα καις, [καίεις] / [καίγεις] | θα κάψεις, … | θα καίγεσαι / [καίεσαι], … | θα καείς, … |
| Perfect aspect ➤ | Perfect aspect | |||
| Present perfect ➤ | έχω, έχεις, … κάψει | έχω, έχεις, … καεί | ||
| Past perfect ➤ | είχα, είχες, … κάψει | είχα, είχες, … καεί | ||
| Future perfect ➤ | θα έχω, θα έχεις, … κάψει | θα έχω, έχεις, … καεί | ||
| Subjunctive mood ➤ | Formed using present, dependent (for simple past) or present perfect from above with a particle (να, ας). | |||
| Imperative mood ➤ | Imperfective aspect | Perfective aspect | Imperfective aspect | Perfective aspect |
| 2 sg | καίγε / [καίε]2 | κάψε, καύ' 2 | κάψου | |
| 2 pl | καίγετε / [καίετε]3 | κάψτε, καύτε2 | καίγεστε / [καίεστε] | καείτε |
| Other forms | Active voice | Passive voice | ||
| Present participle➤ | καίγοντας, {καίοντας}1 ➤ | {καιόμενος, ‑ομένη, ‑όμενο} ➤ | ||
| Perfect participle➤ | έχοντας κάψει ➤ | καμένος, ‑η, ‑ο ➤ | ||
| Nonfinite form➤ | κάψει | καεί | ||
| Notes Appendix:Greek verbs |
1. Rare forms like {καίεις} after the ancient καίω. 2. Colloquial apocopic perfective imperative + accusative of article & noun weak pronouns e.g. καύ' το ("burn it!") 3. Colloquial. irregular • (…) optional or informal. […] rare. {…} learned, archaic. • Multiple forms are shown in order of reducing frequency. • Periphrastic imperative forms may be produced using the subjunctive. | |||
Derived terms
[edit]- το καίω (to kaío, “I celebrate very much”, literally “I burn it!”) (idiomatic)
Related terms
[edit]From stem καψ-
From stem καυ- as in the ancient verb καίω (kaíō)
- see: καύση f (káfsi, “burning, combustion”)
Further reading
[edit]- καίω, in Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής [Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek], Triantafyllidis Foundation, 1998 at the Centre for the Greek language
Categories:
- Ancient Greek terms inherited from Proto-Hellenic
- Ancient Greek terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Ancient Greek terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Ancient Greek terms derived from Proto-Hellenic
- Ancient Greek 2-syllable words
- Ancient Greek terms with IPA pronunciation
- Ancient Greek lemmas
- Ancient Greek verbs
- Ancient Greek paroxytone terms
- grc:Medicine
- grc:Fire
- Greek terms inherited from Ancient Greek
- Greek terms derived from Ancient Greek
- Greek terms inherited from Proto-Hellenic
- Greek terms derived from Proto-Hellenic
- Greek terms with IPA pronunciation
- Greek lemmas
- Greek verbs
- Greek transitive verbs
- Greek intransitive verbs
- Greek irregular verbs
- el:Fire