мука

See also: мъка and мѫка

Macedonian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈmuka]
• Rhymes: -uka

Verb

мука • (muka) third-singular present, impf

1. (intransitive) to moo, bellow

Conjugation

Conjugation of мука (imperfective, present in -а)

l-participles	imperfect	aorist	non-finite forms
masculine	мукал (mukal)	—	adjectival participle	—
feminine	мукала (mukala)	—	adverbial participle	мукајќи (mukajḱi)
neuter	мукало (mukalo)	—	verbal noun	мукање (mukanje)
plural	мукале (mukale)	—	perfect participle	мукано (mukano)
finite forms	present	imperfect	aorist	imperative
1st singular	мукам (mukam)	мукав (mukav)	—	—
2nd singular	мукаш (mukaš)	мукаше (mukaše)	—	мукај (mukaj)
3rd singular	мука (muka)	мукаше (mukaše)	—	—
1st plural	мукаме (mukame)	мукавме (mukavme)	—	—
2nd plural	мукате (mukate)	мукавте (mukavte)	—	мукајте (mukajte)
3rd plural	мукаат (mukaat)	мукаа (mukaa)	—	—
compound tenses
perfect	сум мукал (sum mukal)		present of сум (except in the 3rd person) + imperfect l-participle
има-perfect	имам мукано (imam mukano)		present of има + perfect participle
pluperfect	бев мукал (bev mukal)		imperfect of сум + imperfect l-participle
има-pluperfect	имав мукано (imav mukano)		imperfect of има + perfect participle
има-perfect reported	сум имал мукано (sum imal mukano)		perfect of има + perfect participle
future	ќе мукам (ḱe mukam)		ќе + present
има-future	ќе имам мукано (ḱe imam mukano)		future of има + perfect participle
future in the past	ќе мукав (ḱe mukav)		ќе + imperfect
има-future in the past	ќе имав мукано (ḱe imav mukano)		future in the past of има + perfect participle
future reported	ќе сум мукал (ḱe sum mukal)		ќе + imperfect l-participle
има-future reported	ќе сум имал мукано (ḱe sum imal mukano)		future reported of има + perfect participle
conditional	би мукал (bi mukal)		би + imperfect l-participle
има-conditional	би имал мукано (bi imal mukano)		conditional of има + perfect participle

Pannonian Rusyn

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈmuka]
• Rhymes: -uka
• Hyphenation: му‧ка

Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Slovak múka, from Proto-Slavic *mǫka.

Noun

мука (muka) f (relational adjective мукови or мучни)

1. (uncountable) flour, meal

   била мука ― bila muka ― white flour

   кукурична мука ― kukurična muka ― cornmeal

Declension

Declension of мука (muka)

	singular	plural
nominative	мука (muka)	—
genitive	муки (muki)	—
dative	муки (muki)	—
accusative	муку (muku)	—
instrumental	муку (muku)	—
locative	муки (muki)	—
vocative	муко (muko)	—

Related terms

adjectives

• мукави (mukavi)
• муковани (mukovani)

nouns

• мукарня f (mukarnja)

verbs

• мучиц impf (mučic)

Etymology 2

Inherited from Old Slovak muka, from Proto-Slavic *mǫka.

Noun

мука (muka) f (relational adjective мучни)

1. (countable) anguish, pain, torment, agony

   Synonyms: мученє (mučenje), трапеза (trapeza)

   Танталово муки ― Tantalovo muki ― the torments of Tantalus

Declension

Declension of мука (muka)

	singular	plural
nominative	мука (muka)	муки (muki)
genitive	муки (muki)	мукох (mukox)
dative	муки (muki)	муком (mukom)
accusative	муку (muku)	муки (muki)
instrumental	муку (muku)	муками (mukami)
locative	муки (muki)	мукох (mukox)
vocative	муко (muko)	муки (muki)

Related terms

adverbs

• мучнє (mučnje)

nouns

• мученїк m pers (mučenjik)
• мученїца f (mučenjica)

verbs

• мучиц impf (mučic)

References

• Medʹeši, H.; Fejsa, M.; Timko-Djitko, O. (2010), “мука¹”, in Ramač, Ju., editor, Руско-сербски словнїк [Rusyn-Serbian Dictionary] (in Pannonian Rusyn), Novi Sad: Faculty of Philosophy
• Medʹeši, H.; Fejsa, M.; Timko-Djitko, O. (2010), “мука²”, in Ramač, Ju., editor, Руско-сербски словнїк [Rusyn-Serbian Dictionary] (in Pannonian Rusyn), Novi Sad: Faculty of Philosophy
• Fejsa, M.; Šlemender, M.; Čelʹovski, S. (2022), “flour”, in Анґлийско-руски словнїк [English-Rusyn Dictionary] (in Pannonian Rusyn), Novi Sad: Faculty of Philosophy; Ruska matka, →ISBN, page 117
• Fejsa, M.; Šlemender, M.; Čelʹovski, S. (2022), “torment”, in Анґлийско-руски словнїк [English-Rusyn Dictionary] (in Pannonian Rusyn), Novi Sad: Faculty of Philosophy; Ruska matka, →ISBN, page 334

Russian

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *mǭka (“flour”). Akin to regional Serbo-Croatian мука/muka (“meal”), Slovene moka, Slovak múka. Non-Slavic cognates include Ancient Greek μάσσω (mássō, “to knead”), German and Old High German mengen (“to mix”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [mʊˈka]

Noun

мука́ • (muká) f inan (genitive муки́, uncountable, relational adjective мучно́й) (mass noun, no plural)

1. flour, fine meal

Declension

Declension of мука́ (inan sg-only fem-form velar-stem accent-d) 

	singular
nominative	мука́ muká
genitive	муки́ mukí
dative	муке́ muké
accusative	муку́ mukú
instrumental	муко́й, муко́ю mukój, mukóju
prepositional	муке́ muké

Pre-reform declension of мука́ (inan sg-only fem-form velar-stem accent-d) 

	singular
nominative	мука́ muká
genitive	муки́ mukí
dative	мукѣ́ mukě́
accusative	муку́ mukú
instrumental	муко́й, муко́ю mukój, mukóju
prepositional	мукѣ́ mukě́

Related terms

• мукомо́л (mukomól)
• мучни́стый (mučnístyj)

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *mǫka (“torment, torture”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈmukə]

Noun

му́ка • (múka) f inan (genitive му́ки, nominative plural му́ки, genitive plural мук)

1. pain, anguish, torment, suffering, torture
2. ordeal
3. harassment

Declension

Declension of му́ка (inan fem-form velar-stem accent-a) 

	singular	plural
nominative	му́ка múka	му́ки múki
genitive	му́ки múki	му́к múk
dative	му́ке múke	му́кам múkam
accusative	му́ку múku	му́ки múki
instrumental	му́кой, му́кою múkoj, múkoju	му́ками múkami
prepositional	му́ке múke	му́ках múkax

Pre-reform declension of му́ка (inan fem-form velar-stem accent-a) 

	singular	plural
nominative	му́ка múka	му́ки múki
genitive	му́ки múki	му́къ múk
dative	му́кѣ múkě	му́камъ múkam
accusative	му́ку múku	му́ки múki
instrumental	му́кой, му́кою múkoj, múkoju	му́ками múkami
prepositional	му́кѣ múkě	му́кахъ múkax

Related terms

• муче́ние (mučénije)
• му́ченик (múčenik)
• мучи́тель (mučítelʹ)
• му́чить (múčitʹ)

Anagrams

• кума́ (kumá)

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *mǫka (“torture, torment”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /mûka/
• Hyphenation: му‧ка

Noun

му̏ка f (Latin spelling mȕka)

1. pain
2. torment
3. nausea
4. trouble

Declension

Declension of мука

	singular	plural
nominative	му̏ка	муке
genitive	муке	му̑ка̄
dative	му̏ци	мукама
accusative	муку	муке
vocative	муко	муке
locative	му̏ци	мукама
instrumental	муком	мукама

Further reading

• “мука”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *mǭka (“flour”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /mǔːka/
• Hyphenation: му‧ка

Noun

му́ка f (Latin spelling múka)

1. (regional) flour

Declension

Declension of мука

	singular
nominative	му́ка
genitive	муке
dative	му́ци
accusative	муку
vocative	муко
locative	му́ци
instrumental	муком

Ukrainian

Etymology 1

From Proto-Slavic *mǫka (“torture, torment”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈmukɐ]

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

му́ка • (múka) f inan (genitive му́ки, nominative plural му́ки, genitive plural мук)

1. pain, anguish, torment, suffering, torture

   Synonym: стражда́ння n (straždánnja)

Declension

Declension of му́ка
(inan hard fem-form accent-a)

	singular	plural
nominative	му́ка múka	му́ки múky
genitive	му́ки múky	мук muk
dative	му́ці múci	му́кам múkam
accusative	му́ку múku	му́ки múky
instrumental	му́кою múkoju	му́ками múkamy
locative	му́ці múci	му́ках múkax
vocative	му́ко múko	му́ки múky

Derived terms

• му́ченик m (múčenyk), му́чениця f (múčenycja)
• му́чеництво n (múčenyctvo)
• му́ченицький (múčenycʹkyj)

Related terms

• заму́чувати impf (zamúčuvaty), заму́чити pf (zamúčyty)
• му́чення n (múčennja)
• мучи́тель m (mučýtelʹ), мучи́телька f (mučýtelʹka)
• му́читися impf (múčytysja)

Etymology 2

From Proto-Slavic *mǭka (“flour”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [mʊˈka]

Noun

мука́ • (muká) f inan (genitive муки́, uncountable)

1. (colloquial) flour

   Synonym: бо́рошно n (bórošno)

Declension

Declension of мука́
(inan sg-only hard fem-form accent-d)

	singular
nominative	мука́ muká
genitive	муки́ muký
dative	муці́ mucí
accusative	муку́ mukú
instrumental	муко́ю mukóju
locative	муці́ mucí
vocative	му́ко múko

Further reading

• Bilodid, I. K., editor (1970–1980), “мука”, in Словник української мови: в 11 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 11 vols] (in Ukrainian), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka
• “мука”, in Горох – Словозміна [Horokh – Inflection] (in Ukrainian)
• “мука”, in Kyiv Dictionary (in English)
• “мука”, in Словник.ua [Slovnyk.ua] (in Ukrainian)