сум

See also: sum, сүм, сӯм, and сўм

Macedonian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *esmь.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [sum]

• Audio

  (file)

Verb

сум • (sum) impf or pf

1. (intransitive) to be
2. (intransitive) to be wrong with

Usage notes

• The dependent form is specific to this verb only and is basically a second present form that is used in compound forms, such as the future, the да-construction, etc. It is analogous to the dependent present form of perfective verbs and its presence in the conjugation of "сум" is due to suppletion.

Conjugation

Conjugation of сум (imperfective, perfective)

l-participles	imperfect	aorist	non-finite forms
masculine	бидел	бил	adjectival partc.	—
feminine	бидела	била	adverbial partc.	бидејќи
neuter	бидело	било	verbal noun	—
plural	биделе	биле
	present	imperfect	dependent	imperative
1st singular	сум	бев	бидам	—
2nd singular	си	беше	бидеш	биди
3rd singular	е	беше	биде	—
1st plural	сме	бевме	бидеме	—
2nd plural	сте	бевте	бидете	бидете
3rd plural	се	беа	бидат	—
Compound tenses
perfect	сум бил		present of сум + imperfect l-participle
pluperfect	—		imperfect of сум + imperfect l-participle
future	ќе бидам		ќе + dependent
future in the past	ќе бев		ќе + imperfect
future reported	ќе сум бидел		ќе + imperfect l-participle
conditional	би бил		би + imperfect l-participle

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Mongolian

Mongolian (PR China)	ᠰᠤᠮᠤ (sumu)
Mongolian (Mongolia)
Cyrillic	‍сум (sum)

Etymology

From Proto-Mongolic *sumun (“arrow”), compare Kalmyk сумн (sumn), Dongxiang sumu.

The sense 'district' arose during the Qing dynasty as a translation of Manchu ᠨᡳᡵᡠ (niru, “a large arrow, militia company, district”).

Pronunciation

• (Ulaanbaatar) IPA^(key): /sʊm/, [so̙m]

Noun

сум • (sum); (hidden-n declension)

1. arrow, projectile, bullet
2. sum (sometimes somon, sumon or sumu) (the second-level civil administrative unit in the Mongolian governance system)

Derived terms

• нум сум (num sum)
• нэг сумаар хоёр туулай буудах (neg sumaar hoyor tuulay buudah)

Descendants

• → English: sum
• → Chinese: 蘇木 (sūmù)
  • → English: sumu
• → Buryat: сомон (somon)
  • → Russian: сомон (somon)
    • → English: somon
• → Tuvan: сумон (sumon)
  • → Russian: сумон (sumon)
    • → English: sumon

See also

• аймаг (aymag), ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ (ayimag)
• баг (bag)
• нум (num)

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Russian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [sum]

Noun

сум • (sum) f inan pl

1. genitive plural of сума́ (sumá)

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Ukrainian

Etymology

Related to су́мнів (súmniv, “doubt”). Compare Slovene súm (“suspicion”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [sum]

Noun

сум • (sum) m inan (genitive су́му, uncountable)

1. sadness

Declension

Declension of сум (inan sg-only hard masc-form accent-a)

	singular
nominative	сум sum
genitive	су́му súmu
dative	су́мові, су́му súmovi, súmu
accusative	сум sum
instrumental	су́мом súmom
locative	су́му, су́мі súmu, súmi
vocative	су́ме súme

Further reading

• Melnychuk, O. S., editor (2006), “сум”, in Етимологічний словник української мови [Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language] (in Ukrainian), volume 5: Р – Т, Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, →ISBN, page 473
• Hrinchenko, Borys, editor (1907–1909), “сум”, in Словарь украинского языка [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language] (in Russian), Kyiv: Kievskaya starina
• Bilodid, I. K., editor (1970–1980), “сум”, in Словник української мови: в 11 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 11 vols] (in Ukrainian), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka