muka

See also: múka, mũka, mūka, mūkā, and мука

English

Etymology

Borrowed from Maori.

Noun

muka (uncountable)

1. Prepared fibre of harakeke, used in traditional Maori weaving.

Anagrams

• Mauk, akum

Czech

Alternative forms

• muky f pl

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *mǫka.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈmuka]

Noun

muka n pl

1. (literary) agony, torment, ordeal

Declension

Declension of muka (pl-only velar neuter)

	plural
nominative	muka
genitive	muk
dative	mukám
accusative	muka
vocative	muka
locative	mukách
instrumental	muky

Related terms

• mučit

 

Further reading

• muka in Příruční slovník jazyka českého, 1935–1957
• muka in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého, 1960–1971, 1989
• muka in Internetová jazyková příručka

Finnish

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *muka, probably equivalent to muu (“other, else”) +‎ -ka. Akin to Karelian muka, Livvi muga and Veps muga.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈmukɑ/, [ˈmukɑ̝]
• Rhymes: -ukɑ
• Syllabification^(key): mu‧ka

Adverb

muka (not comparable)

1. supposedly, allegedly, as if (used to express that what follows is doubtful or untrue)

   Synonyms: mukamas, (dialectal) mukamasten, mukamasti

   Miten voi kalliimpi olla aina muka jotenkin parempi?

   How can more expensive supposedly always be somehow better?

   Oletko sinä muka purjehtinut Atlantin yli?

   Do you claim you have sailed across the Atlantic?

2. (in compounds) pseudo-

Derived terms

• mukaantua

 

compounds

• mukatiede

 

See also

• muukalainen
• väitetysti

Further reading

• “muka”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎^[2] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03

Anagrams

• kamu, maku

Indonesian

Etymology

From Malay muka, from Sanskrit मुख (mukha).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /muka/

• Audio

  (file)

• Hyphenation: mu‧ka
• Rhymes: -ka, -a

Noun

muka (plural muka-muka, first-person possessive mukaku, second-person possessive mukamu, third-person possessive mukanya)

1. face

   Synonym: wajah

   1. the front part of the head, featuring the eyes, nose, and mouth and the surrounding area.
   2. the public image; outward appearance.
   3. the frontal aspect of something.
2. act, façade, front, persona, show: an intentional and false impression of oneself.
3. person.
4. typeface.

   Synonym: pagina

5. previous event.

Derived terms

• bermuka
• bermuka-muka
• bersemuka
• mengemuka
• mengemukakan
• menyemukakan
• muka-muka
• pemuka
• pengemuka
• pengemukaan
• permukaan
• semuka
• terkemuka

 

• muka air tanah
• muka badak
• muka bantal
• muka berbakat
• muka berkilat
• muka datar
• muka fron
• muka kain
• muka kecut
• muka manis
• muka masam
• muka papan
• muka sabak
• muka stik
• muka tebal
• muka tembem

 

Further reading

• “muka” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation — Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic Indonesia, 2016.

Javanese

Romanization

muka

1. Romanization of ꦩꦸꦏ.

Kaurna

Noun

muka

1. egg
2. anything of oval or round shape

See also

• yarla-muka (“calf muscle”)
• muka-muka (“the brain”)
• kardlumuka (“scrotum, testes”)
• kuntumuka (“the male breast”)
• ngarrumuka (“scrotum, testes, brain”)

Lower Sorbian

muka

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *mǫka; cognate with Upper Sorbian muka, Polish mąka, Czech mouka, Russian мука́ (muká), Old Church Slavonic мѫка (mǫka).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈmuka]

Noun

muka f inan (diminutive mucka)

1. flour (powder obtained by grinding or milling cereal grains)

Declension

Declension of muka

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	muka	muce	muki
Genitive	muki	mukowu	mukow
Dative	muce	mukoma	mukam
Accusative	muku	muce	muki
Instrumental	muku	mukoma	mukami
Locative	muce	mukoma	mukach

Malay

Etymology

From Sanskrit मुख (mukha). Displaced earlier muha regular reflex of Proto-Malayic *muha (“face; front”); and dahi (now meaning “forehead”) from Proto-Malayic *dahi from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *daqih from Proto-Austronesian *daqiS (“forehead; face”).

Pronunciation

• (Baku) IPA^(key): /ˈmuka/
• (Johor-Riau) IPA^(key): /ˈmukə/
• Rhymes: -uka, -ka, -a

Noun

muka (Jawi spelling موک, plural muka-muka, informal 1st possessive mukaku, 2nd possessive mukamu, 3rd possessive mukanya)

1. (anatomy) face
2. front, facade
3. surface, flat or exposed overside

Synonyms

• (face): wajah
• (front): depan
• (overside): permukaan

Derived terms

Affixed terms and other derivations

Regular affixed derivations:

• pemuka [passive / name of profession] (pe-)
• bermuka [stative / habitual] (beR-)
• muka-muka [reduplication] (redup)
• bermuka-muka [reduplication + stative / habitual] (redup + beR-)
• semuka [immediacy / habitual] (se-)
• menyemukakan [immediacy / habitual + agent focus + causative benefactive] (se- + meN- + -kan)
• bersemuka [immediacy / habitual + stative / habitual] (se- + beR-)

Irregular affixed derivations, other derivations and compound words:

• ke muka
• kemukakan
• kemukai
• mengemukakan
• mengemukai
• terkemuka
• pengemukaan
• permukaan
• berpermukaan
• air muka
• muka surat

Descendants

• Indonesian: muka
• → Urak Lawoi': มูคา (mukha)

References

• Pijnappel, Jan (1875) “موك moeka”, in Maleisch-Hollandsch woordenboek, John Enschede en Zonen, Frederik Muller, page 137
• Wilkinson, Richard James (1901) “موک muka”, in A Malay-English dictionary, Hong Kong: Kelly & Walsh limited, page 663
• Wilkinson, Richard James (1932) “muka”, in A Malay-English dictionary (romanised), volume II, Mytilene, Greece: Salavopoulos & Kinderlis, page 150

Further reading

• “muka” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.

Mambae

Noun

muka

1. banana

Mwani

Noun

muka class 1 (plural waka)

1. wife

Coordinate terms

• nlume

Derived terms

• mwanamuka

Oromo

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

muka

1. tree

Phuthi

Verb

-múka

1. to leave, to depart

Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Rayón Zoque

Noun

muka

1. mushroom

References

• Harrison, Roy, B. de Harrison, Margaret, López Juárez, Francisco, Ordoñes, Cosme (1984) Vocabulario zoque de Rayón (Serie de diccionarios y vocabularios indígenas Mariano Silva y Aceves; 28)‎^[3] (in Spanish), México, D.F.: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, page 18

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *mǫka (“torture, torment”), Cognates include Czech muka.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /mûka/
• Hyphenation: mu‧ka

Noun

mȕka f (Cyrillic spelling му̏ка)

1. pain
2. torment
3. nausea
4. trouble

Declension

Declension of muka

	singular	plural
nominative	mȕka	muke
genitive	muke	mȗkā
dative	mȕci	mukama
accusative	muku	muke
vocative	muko	muke
locative	mȕci	mukama
instrumental	mukom	mukama

Derived terms

• bez muke nema nauke
• mučnina

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *mǫka (“flour”), Cognates include Czech mouka.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /mǔːka/
• Hyphenation: mu‧ka

Noun

múka f (Cyrillic spelling му́ка)

1. (regional) flour

   Synonym: brašno

Declension

Declension of muka

	singular
nominative	múka
genitive	muke
dative	múci
accusative	muku
vocative	muko
locative	múci
instrumental	mukom

Slovak

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *mǫka.

Noun

muka f (genitive singular muky, nominative plural muky, genitive plural múk, declension pattern of žena)

1. torture
2. excruciating pain

Usage notes

• This word is used almost exclusively in the plural. The singular form is used mostly in poetry.

Declension

Declension of muka

	singular	plural
nominative	muka	muky
genitive	muky	múk
dative	muke	mukám
accusative	muku	muky
locative	muke	mukách
instrumental	mukou	mukami

Derived terms

• mučiť

Further reading

• “muka”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2024

Tarifit

Alternative forms

• tmuka

Etymology

Borrowed from Moroccan Arabic موكة (mūka, “owl”), from Berber origin.

Noun

muka f (Tifinagh spelling ⵎⵓⴽⴰ, plural mukat)

1. owl

Zulu

Verb

-múka

1. (transitive, intransitive) Alternative form of -emuka

Inflection

Tone H
Infinitive	ukumuka
	Positive	Negative
Infinitive	ukumuka	ukungamuki
	Imperative
	Simple	+ object concord
Singular	muka	-muke
Plural	mukani	-mukeni
	Present
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiyamuka, ngimuka	engimukayo, engimuka	ngimuka	angimuki	engingamuki	ngingamuki
2nd singular	uyamuka, umuka	omukayo, omuka	umuka	awumuki	ongamuki	ungamuki
1st plural	siyamuka, simuka	esimukayo, esimuka	simuka	asimuki	esingamuki	singamuki
2nd plural	niyamuka, nimuka	enimukayo, enimuka	nimuka	animuki	eningamuki	ningamuki
Class 1	uyamuka, umuka	omukayo, omuka	emuka	akamuki	ongamuki	engamuki
Class 2	bayamuka, bamuka	abamukayo, abamuka	bemuka	abamuki	abangamuki	bengamuki
Class 3	uyamuka, umuka	omukayo, omuka	umuka	awumuki	ongamuki	ungamuki
Class 4	iyamuka, imuka	emukayo, emuka	imuka	ayimuki	engamuki	ingamuki
Class 5	liyamuka, limuka	elimukayo, elimuka	limuka	alimuki	elingamuki	lingamuki
Class 6	ayamuka, amuka	amukayo, amuka	emuka	awamuki	angamuki	engamuki
Class 7	siyamuka, simuka	esimukayo, esimuka	simuka	asimuki	esingamuki	singamuki
Class 8	ziyamuka, zimuka	ezimukayo, ezimuka	zimuka	azimuki	ezingamuki	zingamuki
Class 9	iyamuka, imuka	emukayo, emuka	imuka	ayimuki	engamuki	ingamuki
Class 10	ziyamuka, zimuka	ezimukayo, ezimuka	zimuka	azimuki	ezingamuki	zingamuki
Class 11	luyamuka, lumuka	olumukayo, olumuka	lumuka	alumuki	olungamuki	lungamuki
Class 14	buyamuka, bumuka	obumukayo, obumuka	bumuka	abumuki	obungamuki	bungamuki
Class 15	kuyamuka, kumuka	okumukayo, okumuka	kumuka	akumuki	okungamuki	kungamuki
Class 17	kuyamuka, kumuka	okumukayo, okumuka	kumuka	akumuki	okungamuki	kungamuki
	Recent past
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngimukile, ngimukē	engimukile, engimukē	ngimukile, ngimukē	angimukanga	engingamukanga	ngingamukanga
2nd singular	umukile, umukē	omukile, omukē	umukile, umukē	awumukanga	ongamukanga	ungamukanga
1st plural	simukile, simukē	esimukile, esimukē	simukile, simukē	asimukanga	esingamukanga	singamukanga
2nd plural	nimukile, nimukē	enimukile, enimukē	nimukile, nimukē	animukanga	eningamukanga	ningamukanga
Class 1	umukile, umukē	omukile, omukē	emukile, emukē	akamukanga	ongamukanga	engamukanga
Class 2	bamukile, bamukē	abamukile, abamukē	bemukile, bemukē	abamukanga	abangamukanga	bengamukanga
Class 3	umukile, umukē	omukile, omukē	umukile, umukē	awumukanga	ongamukanga	ungamukanga
Class 4	imukile, imukē	emukile, emukē	imukile, imukē	ayimukanga	engamukanga	ingamukanga
Class 5	limukile, limukē	elimukile, elimukē	limukile, limukē	alimukanga	elingamukanga	lingamukanga
Class 6	amukile, amukē	amukile, amukē	emukile, emukē	awamukanga	angamukanga	engamukanga
Class 7	simukile, simukē	esimukile, esimukē	simukile, simukē	asimukanga	esingamukanga	singamukanga
Class 8	zimukile, zimukē	ezimukile, ezimukē	zimukile, zimukē	azimukanga	ezingamukanga	zingamukanga
Class 9	imukile, imukē	emukile, emukē	imukile, imukē	ayimukanga	engamukanga	ingamukanga
Class 10	zimukile, zimukē	ezimukile, ezimukē	zimukile, zimukē	azimukanga	ezingamukanga	zingamukanga
Class 11	lumukile, lumukē	olumukile, olumukē	lumukile, lumukē	alumukanga	olungamukanga	lungamukanga
Class 14	bumukile, bumukē	obumukile, obumukē	bumukile, bumukē	abumukanga	obungamukanga	bungamukanga
Class 15	kumukile, kumukē	okumukile, okumukē	kumukile, kumukē	akumukanga	okungamukanga	kungamukanga
Class 17	kumukile, kumukē	okumukile, okumukē	kumukile, kumukē	akumukanga	okungamukanga	kungamukanga
	Remote past
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngāmuka	engāmuka	ngāmuka	angimukanga	engingamukanga	ngingamukanga
2nd singular	wāmuka	owāmuka	wāmuka	awumukanga	ongamukanga	ungamukanga
1st plural	sāmuka	esāmuka	sāmuka	asimukanga	esingamukanga	singamukanga
2nd plural	nāmuka	enāmuka	nāmuka	animukanga	eningamukanga	ningamukanga
Class 1	wāmuka	owāmuka	āmuka	akamukanga	ongamukanga	engamukanga
Class 2	bāmuka	abāmuka	bāmuka	abamukanga	abangamukanga	bengamukanga
Class 3	wāmuka	owāmuka	wāmuka	awumukanga	ongamukanga	ungamukanga
Class 4	yāmuka	eyāmuka	yāmuka	ayimukanga	engamukanga	ingamukanga
Class 5	lāmuka	elāmuka	lāmuka	alimukanga	elingamukanga	lingamukanga
Class 6	āmuka	āmuka	āmuka	awamukanga	angamukanga	engamukanga
Class 7	sāmuka	esāmuka	sāmuka	asimukanga	esingamukanga	singamukanga
Class 8	zāmuka	ezāmuka	zāmuka	azimukanga	ezingamukanga	zingamukanga
Class 9	yāmuka	eyāmuka	yāmuka	ayimukanga	engamukanga	ingamukanga
Class 10	zāmuka	ezāmuka	zāmuka	azimukanga	ezingamukanga	zingamukanga
Class 11	lwāmuka	olwāmuka	lwāmuka	alumukanga	olungamukanga	lungamukanga
Class 14	bāmuka	obāmuka	bāmuka	abumukanga	obungamukanga	bungamukanga
Class 15	kwāmuka	okwāmuka	kwāmuka	akumukanga	okungamukanga	kungamukanga
Class 17	kwāmuka	okwāmuka	kwāmuka	akumukanga	okungamukanga	kungamukanga
	Potential
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngingamuka	—	ngingamuka	ngingemuke	—	ngingemuke
2nd singular	ungamuka	—	ungamuka	ungemuke	—	ungemuke
1st plural	singamuka	—	singamuka	singemuke	—	singemuke
2nd plural	ningamuka	—	ningamuka	ningemuke	—	ningemuke
Class 1	angamuka	—	engamuka	angemuke	—	engemuke
Class 2	bangamuka	—	bengamuka	bangemuke	—	bengemuke
Class 3	ungamuka	—	ungamuka	ungemuke	—	ungemuke
Class 4	ingamuka	—	ingamuka	ingemuke	—	ingemuke
Class 5	lingamuka	—	lingamuka	lingemuke	—	lingemuke
Class 6	angamuka	—	engamuka	angemuke	—	engemuke
Class 7	singamuka	—	singamuka	singemuke	—	singemuke
Class 8	zingamuka	—	zingamuka	zingemuke	—	zingemuke
Class 9	ingamuka	—	ingamuka	ingemuke	—	ingemuke
Class 10	zingamuka	—	zingamuka	zingemuke	—	zingemuke
Class 11	lungamuka	—	lungamuka	lungemuke	—	lungemuke
Class 14	bungamuka	—	bungamuka	bungemuke	—	bungemuke
Class 15	kungamuka	—	kungamuka	kungemuke	—	kungemuke
Class 17	kungamuka	—	kungamuka	kungemuke	—	kungemuke
	Immediate future
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngizomuka	engizomuka	ngizomuka	angizumuka	engingezumuka	ngingezumuka
2nd singular	uzomuka	ozomuka	uzomuka	awuzumuka	ongezumuka	ungezumuka
1st plural	sizomuka	esizomuka	sizomuka	asizumuka	esingezumuka	singezumuka
2nd plural	nizomuka	enizomuka	nizomuka	anizumuka	eningezumuka	ningezumuka
Class 1	uzomuka	ozomuka	ezomuka	akazumuka	ongezumuka	engezumuka
Class 2	bazomuka	abazomuka	bezomuka	abazumuka	abangezumuka	bengezumuka
Class 3	uzomuka	ozomuka	uzomuka	awuzumuka	ongezumuka	ungezumuka
Class 4	izomuka	ezomuka	izomuka	ayizumuka	engezumuka	ingezumuka
Class 5	lizomuka	elizomuka	lizomuka	alizumuka	elingezumuka	lingezumuka
Class 6	azomuka	azomuka	ezomuka	awazumuka	angezumuka	engezumuka
Class 7	sizomuka	esizomuka	sizomuka	asizumuka	esingezumuka	singezumuka
Class 8	zizomuka	ezizomuka	zizomuka	azizumuka	ezingezumuka	zingezumuka
Class 9	izomuka	ezomuka	izomuka	ayizumuka	engezumuka	ingezumuka
Class 10	zizomuka	ezizomuka	zizomuka	azizumuka	ezingezumuka	zingezumuka
Class 11	luzomuka	oluzomuka	luzomuka	aluzumuka	olungezumuka	lungezumuka
Class 14	buzomuka	obuzomuka	buzomuka	abuzumuka	obungezumuka	bungezumuka
Class 15	kuzomuka	okuzomuka	kuzomuka	akuzumuka	okungezumuka	kungezumuka
Class 17	kuzomuka	okuzomuka	kuzomuka	akuzumuka	okungezumuka	kungezumuka
	Remote future
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiyomuka	engiyomuka	ngiyomuka	angiyumuka	engingeyumuka	ngingeyumuka
2nd singular	uyomuka	oyomuka	uyomuka	awuyumuka	ongeyumuka	ungeyumuka
1st plural	siyomuka	esiyomuka	siyomuka	asiyumuka	esingeyumuka	singeyumuka
2nd plural	niyomuka	eniyomuka	niyomuka	aniyumuka	eningeyumuka	ningeyumuka
Class 1	uyomuka	oyomuka	eyomuka	akayumuka	ongeyumuka	engeyumuka
Class 2	bayomuka	abayomuka	beyomuka	abayumuka	abangeyumuka	bengeyumuka
Class 3	uyomuka	oyomuka	uyomuka	awuyumuka	ongeyumuka	ungeyumuka
Class 4	iyomuka	eyomuka	iyomuka	ayiyumuka	engeyumuka	ingeyumuka
Class 5	liyomuka	eliyomuka	liyomuka	aliyumuka	elingeyumuka	lingeyumuka
Class 6	ayomuka	ayomuka	eyomuka	awayumuka	angeyumuka	engeyumuka
Class 7	siyomuka	esiyomuka	siyomuka	asiyumuka	esingeyumuka	singeyumuka
Class 8	ziyomuka	eziyomuka	ziyomuka	aziyumuka	ezingeyumuka	zingeyumuka
Class 9	iyomuka	eyomuka	iyomuka	ayiyumuka	engeyumuka	ingeyumuka
Class 10	ziyomuka	eziyomuka	ziyomuka	aziyumuka	ezingeyumuka	zingeyumuka
Class 11	luyomuka	oluyomuka	luyomuka	aluyumuka	olungeyumuka	lungeyumuka
Class 14	buyomuka	obuyomuka	buyomuka	abuyumuka	obungeyumuka	bungeyumuka
Class 15	kuyomuka	okuyomuka	kuyomuka	akuyumuka	okungeyumuka	kungeyumuka
Class 17	kuyomuka	okuyomuka	kuyomuka	akuyumuka	okungeyumuka	kungeyumuka
	Present subjunctive
	Positive	Negative
1st singular	ngimuke	ngingamuki
2nd singular	umuke	ungamuki
1st plural	simuke	singamuki
2nd plural	nimuke	ningamuki
Class 1	amuke	angamuki
Class 2	bamuke	bangamuki
Class 3	umuke	ungamuki
Class 4	imuke	ingamuki
Class 5	limuke	lingamuki
Class 6	amuke	angamuki
Class 7	simuke	singamuki
Class 8	zimuke	zingamuki
Class 9	imuke	ingamuki
Class 10	zimuke	zingamuki
Class 11	lumuke	lungamuki
Class 14	bumuke	bungamuki
Class 15	kumuke	kungamuki
Class 17	kumuke	kungamuki
	Past subjunctive
	Positive	Negative
1st singular	ngamuka	ngangamuka, angamuka, angangamuka
2nd singular	wamuka	wangamuka, awamuka, awangamuka
1st plural	samuka	sangamuka, asamuka, asangamuka
2nd plural	namuka	nangamuka, anamuka, anangamuka
Class 1	wamuka	wangamuka, akamuka, akangamuka
Class 2	bamuka	bangamuka, abamuka, abangamuka
Class 3	wamuka	wangamuka, awamuka, awangamuka
Class 4	yamuka	yangamuka, ayamuka, ayangamuka
Class 5	lamuka	langamuka, alamuka, alangamuka
Class 6	amuka	angamuka, awamuka, awangamuka
Class 7	samuka	sangamuka, asamuka, asangamuka
Class 8	zamuka	zangamuka, azamuka, azangamuka
Class 9	yamuka	yangamuka, ayamuka, ayangamuka
Class 10	zamuka	zangamuka, azamuka, azangamuka
Class 11	lwamuka	lwangamuka, alwamuka, alwangamuka
Class 14	bamuka	bangamuka, abamuka, abangamuka
Class 15	kwamuka	kwangamuka, akwamuka, akwangamuka
Class 17	kwamuka	kwangamuka, akwamuka, akwangamuka

References

• C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “muka”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “muka (3.9)”