चि

Khaling

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

चि (ci)

1. beer

Newar

Etymology

From Classical Newar 𑐔𑐷 (cī), perhaps from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tsa (“salt”). Cognate to Thangmi छ्या, Chepang छेः.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [t͡ɕi]

Noun

चि • (ci) ? (Newa Spelling 𑐔𑐶)

1. salt

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• চি (Assamese script)
• ᬘᬶ (Balinese script)
• চি (Bengali script)
• 𑰓𑰰 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀘𑀺 (Brahmi script)
• စိ (Burmese script)
• ચિ (Gujarati script)
• ਚਿ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌚𑌿 (Grantha script)
• ꦕꦶ (Javanese script)
• 𑂒𑂱 (Kaithi script)
• ಚಿ (Kannada script)
• ចិ (Khmer script)
• ຈິ (Lao script)
• ചി (Malayalam script)
• ᢜᡳ (Manchu script)
• 𑘓𑘱 (Modi script)
• ᢋᠢ (Mongolian script)
• 𑦳𑧒 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐔𑐶 (Newa script)
• ଚି (Odia script)
• ꢗꢶ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆖𑆴 (Sharada script)
• 𑖓𑖰 (Siddham script)
• චි (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩡𑩑 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚏𑚮 (Takri script)
• சி (Tamil script)
• చి (Telugu script)
• จิ (Thai script)
• ཙི (Tibetan script)
• 𑒔𑒱 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨣𑨁 (Zanabazar Square script)

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /t͡ɕi/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /t͡ɕi/

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *kʷey-

Sanskrit चि

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *kʷey- (“to observe, perceive”). Compare Ancient Greek τίω (tíō, “to pay honor, respects (to a person)”). See also चित् (cit).

Alternative forms

• कि (ki), चय् (cay), चाय् (cāy)

Root

चि • (ci)

1. to observe, perceive
2. to fix the gaze upon, be intent upon
3. to seek for, investigate, search through

Derived terms

Primary verbal forms

• चि॒केति॑ (cikéti, present)
• चाय॑ति (cā́yati, present)
• चि॒नोति॑ (cinóti, present)
• चे॒ष्यति॑ (ceṣyáti, future)
• अचा॑यीत् (ácāyīt, aorist)
• अचे॑ष्ट (áceṣṭa, aorist)
• चि॒काय॑ (cikā́ya, perfect)

Secondary forms

• ची॒यते॑ (cīyáte, passive)
• चिकीषति (cikīṣati, desiderative)

Non-finite forms

• चि॒त (citá, past participle)
• चेतु॑म् (cétum, infinitive)
• चा॒यि॒त्वा (cāyitvā́, gerund)
• चि॒त्य (cityá, gerundive)
• चे॒त॒व्य॑ (cetavyà, gerundive)
• चाय्य॑ (cā́yya, gerundive)

Derived nominal forms

• चय॑ (cáya)
• चय॑न (cáyana)
• चायक (cāyaka)
• चायिन् (cāyin)
• चित् (cít)
• चिति (citi)
• चे॒तृ (cetṛ́)
• चेय (ceya)
• चिर (cira)

Prefixed root forms

• निश्चि (niści)

Sanskrit terms belonging to the root चि (1 c, 7 e)

Terms derived from the Sanskrit root चि (7 c, 0 e)

Etymology 2

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *kʷey-?

Sanskrit चि

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kʷey- (“to collect, gather, pile, build”). Compare Proto-Slavic *činìti (“to instigate, do”), Ancient Greek ποιέω (poiéō, “to make”).

Root

चि • (ci)

1. to arrange in order, pile up, construct
2. to collect, gather, accumulate, acquire
3. to cover, inlay

Derived terms

Primary verbal forms

• चि॒नोति॑ (cinóti, present)
• चे॒ष्यति॑ (ceṣyáti, future)
• चे॒ता (cetā́, periphrastic future)
• अचे॑त् (ácet, aorist)
• अचै॑षीत् (ácaiṣīt, aorist)
• चीयात् (cīyāt, benedictive)
• चि॒काय॑ (cikā́ya, perfect)
• चि॒चाय॑ (cicā́ya, perfect)

Secondary forms

• ची॒यते॑ (cīyáte, passive)
• अचा॑यि (ácāyi, passive aorist)
• चा॒यय॑ति (cāyáyati, causative)
• चा॒पय॑ति (cāpáyati, causative)
• च॒यय॑ति (cayáyati, causative)
• च॒पय॑ति (capáyati, causative)
• अची॑चपत् (ácīcapat, causative aorist)
• अची॑चयत् (ácīcayat, causative aorist)
• चिकीषति (cikīṣati, desiderative)
• चिचीषति (cicīṣati, desiderative)
• चिचीषयति (cicīṣayati, causative of desiderative)
• चेचीयते (cecīyate, intensive)

Non-finite forms

• चि॒त (citá, past participle)
• चेतुम् (cetum, infinitive)
• चे॒त॒वै (cetavái, infinitive)
• चि॒त्वा (citvā́, gerund)
• च॒यि॒त्वा (cayitvā́, gerund)
• चित्य॑ (cítya, gerundive)
• ची॒य (cīyá, gerundive)
• च॒य॒नीय॑ (cayanī́ya, gerundive)
• च॒यि॒त॒व्य॑ (cayitavyà, gerundive)
• चे॒त॒व्य॑ (cetavyà, gerundive)

Derived nominal forms

• काय (kāya)
• चय (caya)
• चय॑न (cáyana)
• चयिष्ठ (cayiṣṭha)
• चाय (cāya)
• चायिन् (cāyin)
• चा॒य्य (cāyyá)
• चित् (cít)
• चित्या (cityā)
• चिति॑ (cíti)
• चिता (citā)
• चीति (cīti)
• चेतृ (cetṛ)
• चेय (ceya)
• चिचीषा (cicīṣā)

Sanskrit terms belonging to the root चि (1 c, 7 e)

Terms derived from the Sanskrit root चि (7 c, 0 e)

Etymology 3

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷey- (“to avenge”). Compare Ancient Greek τίνω (tínō, “to pay a price”).

Root

चि • (ci)

1. to detest, hate
2. to revenge, punish, take vengeance on

Derived terms

• चयते (cáyate)

Further reading

• Monier Williams (1899), “चि”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 394, column 2.
• Arthur Anthony Macdonell (1893), “चि”, in A practical Sanskrit dictionary with transliteration, accentuation, and etymological analysis throughout, London: Oxford University Press
• William Dwight Whitney (1885), The Roots, Verb-forms, and Primary Derivatives of the Sanskrit Language, Leipzig: Breitkopf and Härtel, page 46

• Otto Böhtlingk; Richard Schmidt (1879-1928), “चि”, in Walter Slaje, Jürgen Hanneder, Paul Molitor, Jörg Ritter, editors, Nachtragswörterbuch des Sanskrit [Dictionary of Sanskrit with supplements] (in German), Halle-Wittenberg: Martin-Luther-Universität, published 2016

• Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006), The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 220
• Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 377-80
• Pokorny, Julius (1959), Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume II, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 637