ἱδρώς

See also: ἴδρως

Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

• ἴδρως f (ídrōs) — Aeolic
• ἱδρώτας m (hidrṓtas) — Byzantine

Etymology

Ultimately, the term derives from the root *sweyd- (“to sweat”), whence also ἰδίω (idíō) and ἶδος (îdos)). More specifically, Beekes proposes that the term may reflect the addition of *-ōs—which is possibly found in Latin sūdor—to a Proto-Indo-European r-stem *swid-r-, whence also perhaps Old Armenian քիրտն (kʻirtn), Latvian sviedri, and Albanian djersë. The older s-stem may have then underwent conversion into a t-stem according to the model of terms such as ἔρως (érōs).

Pronunciation

(Lyric)

 

• IPA^(key): /hi.drɔ̌ːs/ → /iˈðros/ → /iˈðros/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /hi.drɔ̌ːs/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /(h)iˈdros/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /iˈðros/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /iˈðros/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /iˈðros/

(Epic)

 

• IPA^(key): /hiː.drɔ̌ːs/ → /iˈðros/ → /iˈðros/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /hiː.drɔ̌ːs/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /(h)iˈdros/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /iˈðros/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /iˈðros/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /iˈðros/

Noun

ῑ̆̔δρώς • (hī̆drṓs) m (genitive ῐ̔δρῶτος or ῑ̔δρόος or ῑ̔δροῦς); third declension

1. sweat; perspiration

   Synonym: ἶδος n (îdos)

   • 375 BCE, Plato, The Republic 350d:

     μετὰ ἱδρῶτος

     metà hidrôtos

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • c. 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 11.599:

     κατὰ δ’ ἱ. ἔρρεεν ἐκ μελέων

     katà d’ hi. érrheen ek meléōn

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • c. 450 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 767:

     ἱ. ἀνῄει χρωτί

     hi. anēíei khrōtí

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Coriolanus 3:

     ῥέεσθαι ἱδρῶτι

     rhéesthai hidrôti

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • c. 750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Works and Days 289, (of sweat as the sign of toil):

     τῆς ἀρετῆς ἱδρῶτα θεοὶ προπάροιθεν ἔθηκαν

     tês aretês hidrôta theoì propároithen éthēkan

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • c. 370 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 2.1.29:

     ἱδρῶτα παρέχειν

     hidrôta parékhein

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • 460 BCE – 370 BCE, Hippocrates of Kos, Aphorisms 4.36
   • 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Problems 867a.13
   • 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedrus 239c, (opposed to the effect of baths):

     ἱδρῶτες ξηροί

     hidrôtes xēroí

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • C.E. 80–110, Textus Receptus, Εὐαγγέλιον κατὰ Λουκᾶν 22.44
2. gum; resin; sap (exudation or distillation from trees)

   Synonyms: δᾰ́κρῠ n (dắkrŭ), στᾰλαγμός m (stălagmós)

   • 413 BCE, Euripides, Ion 1175:

     σμύρνης

     smúrnēs

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • Ion Trag., 40:

     δρυός

     druós

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • 408 BCE – 334 BCE, Antiphanes Comicus, Collected Works 52.12, (of wine):

     Βρομιάδος ἱδρῶτα πηγῆς

     Bromiádos hidrôta pēgês

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

3. juice; moisture
4. anything earned by the sweat of one's brow
   • 391 BCE, Aristophanes, Assemblywomen 750:

     οὐ γὰρ τὸν ἐμὸν ἱδρῶτα…ἐκβαλῶ

     ou gàr tòn emòn hidrôta…ekbalô

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • Chor. 270.B.

Declension

Third declension of ὁ ῐ̔δρώς; τοῦ ῐ̔δρῶτος (Attic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ὁ ῐ̔δρώς ho hĭdrṓs	τὼ ῐ̔δρῶτε tṑ hĭdrôte	οἱ ῐ̔δρῶτες hoi hĭdrôtes
Genitive	τοῦ ῐ̔δρῶτος toû hĭdrôtos	τοῖν ῐ̔δρώτοιν toîn hĭdrṓtoin	τῶν ῐ̔δρώτων tôn hĭdrṓtōn
Dative	τῷ ῐ̔δρῶτῐ tōî hĭdrôtĭ	τοῖν ῐ̔δρώτοιν toîn hĭdrṓtoin	τοῖς ῐ̔δρῶσῐ / ῐ̔δρῶσῐν toîs hĭdrôsĭ(n)
Accusative	τὸν ῐ̔δρῶτᾰ tòn hĭdrôtă	τὼ ῐ̔δρῶτε tṑ hĭdrôte	τοὺς ῐ̔δρῶτᾰς toùs hĭdrôtăs
Vocative	ῐ̔δρώς hĭdrṓs	ῐ̔δρῶτε hĭdrôte	ῐ̔δρῶτες hĭdrôtes
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension. Nominative singular -ς (-s) arose by reduction of the original cluster *-τς (*-ts).

Third declension of ῑ̔δρώς; ῑ̔δρόος / ῑ̔δροῦς (Epic)

Case / #	Singular
Nominative	ῑ̔δρώς hīdrṓs
Genitive	ῑ̔δρόος / ῑ̔δροῦς hīdróos / hīdroûs
Dative	ῑ̔δρόῐ̈ / ῑ̔δροῖ / ῑ̔δρῷ hīdróĭ̈ / hīdroî / hīdrōî
Accusative	ῑ̔δρόᾰ / ῑ̔δρῶ hīdróă / hīdrô
Vocative	ῑ̔δρός hīdrós
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.

Third declension of ὁ ῐ̔δρώς; τοῦ ῐ̔δρῶτος (Ionic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ὁ ῐ̔δρώς ho hĭdrṓs	τὼ ῐ̔δρῶτε tṑ hĭdrôte	οἱ ῐ̔δρῶτες hoi hĭdrôtes
Genitive	τοῦ ῐ̔δρῶτος toû hĭdrôtos	τοῖν ῐ̔δρώτοιν toîn hĭdrṓtoin	τῶν ῐ̔δρώτων tôn hĭdrṓtōn
Dative	τῷ ῐ̔δρῶτῐ tōî hĭdrôtĭ	τοῖν ῐ̔δρώτοιν toîn hĭdrṓtoin	τοῖσῐ / τοῖσῐν ῐ̔δρῶσῐ / ῐ̔δρῶσῐν toîsĭ(n) hĭdrôsĭ(n)
Accusative	τὸν ῐ̔δρῶτᾰ tòn hĭdrôtă	τὼ ῐ̔δρῶτε tṑ hĭdrôte	τοὺς ῐ̔δρῶτᾰς toùs hĭdrôtăs
Vocative	ῐ̔δρώς hĭdrṓs	ῐ̔δρῶτε hĭdrôte	ῐ̔δρῶτες hĭdrôtes
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution. Nominative singular -ς (-s) arose by reduction of the original cluster *-τς (*-ts).

Derived terms

• στᾱ́ζω ἱδρῶτῐ (stā́zō hidrôtĭ)

Descendants

• Greek: ιδρώτας (idrótas)

Further reading

• “ἱδρώς”, in Liddell & Scott (1940), A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “ἱδρώς”, in Liddell & Scott (1889), An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “ἱδρώς”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891), A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
• ἱδρώς in Bailly, Anatole (1935), Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
• Bauer, Walter et al. (2001), A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
• ἱδρώς in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924), A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
• G2402 in Strong, James (1979), Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
• Woodhouse, S. C. (1910), English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎^[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
  • exudation idem, page 298.
  • gum idem, page 379.
  • perspiration idem, page 608.
  • sweat idem, page 847.
• ἱδρώς, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] Dictionaries for Ancient Greek and Latin (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, since 2011