拵える
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Japanese[edit]
Kanji in this term |
---|
拵 |
こしら Hyōgaiji |
kun’yomi |
Etymology[edit]
From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.[1]
Reconstructed by Samuel Martin as Proto-Japonic *kəsirapu, a compound of Old Japanese elements 此 (ko2, “this”) + 知ら (sira, the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis form”) of 知る (siru, “to know”)) + ふ (pu, auxiliary suffix).[2] However, this is very problematic semantically, considering that the attested senses for this verb have nothing to do with either "this" or .
Development
Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru.
Pronunciation[edit]
- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "こしらえる"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) |
こしらえる | こしらえる | [kòshíráérú] |
Imperative (命令形) | こしらえろ | こしらえろ | [kòshíráéró] |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | こしらえられる | こしらえられる | [kòshíráérárérú] |
Causative | こしらえさせる | こしらえさせる | [kòshíráésásérú] |
Potential | こしらえられる | こしらえられる | [kòshíráérárérú] |
Volitional | こしらえよう | こしらえよー | [kòshíráéyóꜜò] |
Negative | こしらえない | こしらえない | [kòshíráénáí] |
Negative perfective | こしらえなかった | こしらえなかった | [kòshíráénáꜜkàttà] |
Formal | こしらえます | こしらえます | [kòshíráémáꜜsù] |
Perfective | こしらえた | こしらえた | [kòshíráétá] |
Conjunctive | こしらえて | こしらえて | [kòshíráété] |
Hypothetical conditional | こしらえれば | こしらえれば | [kòshíráéréꜜbà] |
Verb[edit]
拵える • (koshiraeru) transitive ichidan (stem 拵え (koshirae), past 拵えた (koshiraeta))
- [from 720] to speak in such a way as to cause others to feel or do something
- [from early 1200s] to cook, to make food
- dress oneself up
- prepare
- manufacture
- have
Conjugation[edit]
Conjugation of "拵える" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 拵え | こしらえ | koshirae | |
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 拵え | こしらえ | koshirae | |
Shūshikei ("terminal") | 拵える | こしらえる | koshiraeru | |
Rentaikei ("attributive") | 拵える | こしらえる | koshiraeru | |
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 拵えれ | こしらえれ | koshiraere | |
Meireikei ("imperative") | 拵えよ¹ 拵えろ² |
こしらえよ¹ こしらえろ² |
koshiraeyo¹ koshiraero² | |
Key constructions | ||||
Passive | 拵えられる | こしらえられる | koshiraerareru | |
Causative | 拵えさせる 拵えさす |
こしらえさせる こしらえさす |
koshiraesaseru koshiraesasu | |
Potential | 拵えられる 拵えれる³ |
こしらえられる こしらえれる³ |
koshiraerareru koshiraereru³ | |
Volitional | 拵えよう | こしらえよう | koshiraeyō | |
Negative | 拵えない 拵えぬ 拵えん |
こしらえない こしらえぬ こしらえん |
koshiraenai koshiraenu koshiraen | |
Negative continuative | 拵えず | こしらえず | koshiraezu | |
Formal | 拵えます | こしらえます | koshiraemasu | |
Perfective | 拵えた | こしらえた | koshiraeta | |
Conjunctive | 拵えて | こしらえて | koshiraete | |
Hypothetical conditional | 拵えれば | こしらえれば | koshiraereba | |
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ³ Colloquial potential |
References[edit]
- ^ “拵・慰・喩・誘”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
- ^ Martin, Samuel E. (1987) The Japanese Language Through Time, New Haven, London: Yale University Press, →ISBN
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