知る
Japanese
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
知 |
し Grade: 2 |
kun'yomi |
Alternative spelling |
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識る |
Etymology
[edit]From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *siru.
Pronunciation
[edit]- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "知る"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) |
知る | しる | [shìrú] |
Imperative (命令形) | 知れ | しれ | [shìré] |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | 知られる | しられる | [shìrárérú] |
Causative | 知らせる | しらせる | [shìrásérú] |
Potential | 知れる | しれる | [shìrérú] |
Volitional | 知ろう | しろー | [shìróꜜò] |
Negative | 知らない | しらない | [shìránáí] |
Negative perfective | 知らなかった | しらなかった | [shìránáꜜkàttà] |
Formal | 知ります | しります | [shìrímáꜜsù] |
Perfective | 知った | しった | [shìttá] |
Conjunctive | 知って | しって | [shìtté] |
Hypothetical conditional | 知れば | しれば | [shìréꜜbà] |
Verb
[edit]知る • (shiru) transitive godan (stem 知り (shiri), past 知った (shitta))
Japanese verb pair | |
---|---|
active | 知る |
mediopassive | 知れる |
- to know, be aware of
- to learn, acquire,
- to be acquainted with, to know (someone)
- (colloquial, in the negative) to care in the least about, to be concerned with,
Usage notes
[edit]When constructing this verb's affirmative present form, the ている construction is used, as in 知っている. However, as an irregularity, when forming its negative present form, the negative form of the ている construction is not, as would be expected, 知っていない, and instead becomes 知らない. Thus, extra care must be exercised when using this term.
This term is contrasted by 分かる, which is used for anything that involves conscious or continuous knowledge, while 知る is used for general facts. For example, the phrase
- 日本語を知ります ― Nihongo o shirimasu ―
would mean "I am acquainted with Japanese" or "I know what the Japanese language is". When saying "I know (have acquired) Japanese"
- 日本語が分かります ― Nihongo ga wakarimasu ―
is used instead.
Conjugation
[edit]Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 知ら | しら | shira |
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 知り | しり | shiri |
Shūshikei ("terminal") | 知る | しる | shiru |
Rentaikei ("attributive") | 知る | しる | shiru |
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 知れ | しれ | shire |
Meireikei ("imperative") | 知れ | しれ | shire |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | 知られる | しられる | shirareru |
Causative | 知らせる 知らす |
しらせる しらす |
shiraseru shirasu |
Potential | 知れる | しれる | shireru |
Volitional | 知ろう | しろう | shirō |
Negative | 知らない | しらない | shiranai |
Negative continuative | 知らず | しらず | shirazu |
Formal | 知ります | しります | shirimasu |
Perfective | 知った | しった | shitta |
Conjunctive | 知って | しって | shitte |
Hypothetical conditional | 知れば | しれば | shireba |
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Irrealis (未然形) | 知ら | しら | sira |
Continuative (連用形) | 知り | しり | siri |
Terminal (終止形) | 知る | しる | siru |
Attributive (連体形) | 知る | しる | siru |
Realis (已然形) | 知れ | しれ | sire |
Imperative (命令形) | 知れ | しれ | sire |
Key constructions | |||
Negative | 知らず | しらず | sirazu |
Contrasting conjunction | 知れど | しれど | siredo |
Causal conjunction | 知れば | しれば | sireba |
Conditional conjunction | 知らば | しらば | siraba |
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 知りき | しりき | siriki |
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 知りけり | しりけり | sirikeri |
Perfect tense (conscious action) | 知りつ | しりつ | siritu |
Perfect tense (natural event) | 知りぬ | しりぬ | sirinu |
Perfect-continuative tense | 知れり 知りたり |
しれり しりたり |
sireri siritari |
Volitional | 知らむ | しらむ | siramu |
References
[edit]- 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.
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