掴む
Appearance
See also: 摑む
Japanese
[edit]Kanji in this term |
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掴 |
つか Hyōgai |
kun'yomi |
Alternative spellings |
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摑む (kyūjitai) 攫む 抓む 把む |
Etymology
[edit]Derived from 束 (tsuka, “bunch, bundle”) + む (-mu, verb-forming suffix indicating “to look like, to seem like”).[1]
First cited to a text from 850.[2]
Pronunciation
[edit]- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「掴む」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) |
掴む | つかむ | [tsùkáꜜmù] |
Imperative (命令形) | 掴め | つかめ | [tsùkáꜜmè] |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | 掴まれる | つかまれる | [tsùkámáréꜜrù] |
Causative | 掴ませる | つかませる | [tsùkámáséꜜrù] |
Potential | 掴める | つかめる | [tsùkáméꜜrù] |
Volitional | 掴もう | つかもー | [tsùkámóꜜò] |
Negative | 掴まない | つかまない | [tsùkámáꜜnàì] |
Negative perfective | 掴まなかった | つかまなかった | [tsùkámáꜜnàkàttà] |
Formal | 掴みます | つかみます | [tsùkámímáꜜsù] |
Perfective | 掴んだ | つかんだ | [tsùkáꜜǹdà] |
Conjunctive | 掴んで | つかんで | [tsùkáꜜǹdè] |
Hypothetical conditional | 掴めば | つかめば | [tsùkáꜜmèbà] |
Verb
[edit]掴む • (tsukamu) transitive godan (stem 掴み (tsukami), past 掴んだ (tsukanda))
Japanese verb pair | |
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active | 掴む |
mediopassive | 掴まる |
- [from 850] to grab
- [from 850] to grip, take hold of
- [from 1724] to accept (a bribe)
- [from 1701] to abduct, kidnap
- [from 1897] to capture, grasp (imagination, hearts, opportunities, etc.)
Conjugation
[edit]Conjugation of "掴む" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
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Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 掴ま | つかま | tsukama |
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 掴み | つかみ | tsukami |
Shūshikei ("terminal") | 掴む | つかむ | tsukamu |
Rentaikei ("attributive") | 掴む | つかむ | tsukamu |
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 掴め | つかめ | tsukame |
Meireikei ("imperative") | 掴め | つかめ | tsukame |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | 掴まれる | つかまれる | tsukamareru |
Causative | 掴ませる 掴ます |
つかませる つかます |
tsukamaseru tsukamasu |
Potential | 掴める | つかめる | tsukameru |
Volitional | 掴もう | つかもう | tsukamō |
Negative | 掴まない | つかまない | tsukamanai |
Negative continuative | 掴まず | つかまず | tsukamazu |
Formal | 掴みます | つかみます | tsukamimasu |
Perfective | 掴んだ | つかんだ | tsukanda |
Conjunctive | 掴んで | つかんで | tsukande |
Hypothetical conditional | 掴めば | つかめば | tsukameba |
Stem forms | |||
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Irrealis (未然形) | 掴ま | つかま | tukama |
Continuative (連用形) | 掴み | つかみ | tukami |
Terminal (終止形) | 掴む | つかむ | tukamu |
Attributive (連体形) | 掴む | つかむ | tukamu |
Realis (已然形) | 掴め | つかめ | tukame |
Imperative (命令形) | 掴め | つかめ | tukame |
Key constructions | |||
Negative | 掴まず | つかまず | tukamazu |
Contrasting conjunction | 掴めど | つかめど | tukamedo |
Causal conjunction | 掴めば | つかめば | tukameba |
Conditional conjunction | 掴まば | つかまば | tukamaba |
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 掴みき | つかみき | tukamiki |
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 掴みけり | つかみけり | tukamikeri |
Perfect tense (conscious action) | 掴みつ | つかみつ | tukamitu |
Perfect tense (natural event) | 掴みぬ | つかみぬ | tukaminu |
Perfect-continuative tense | 掴めり 掴みたり |
つかめり つかみたり |
tukameri tukamitari |
Volitional | 掴まむ | つかまむ | tukamamu |
Extended conjugation of tsukamu "掴む" (Class: godan "pentagrade") | ||
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(See Appendix:Japanese verbs and Japanese conjugation) | ||
Ren’yōkei ("continuative form") | 掴み [tsukami] | |
Rentaikei ("attributive form") | 掴む [tsukamu] | |
Positive | Negative | |
Conjunctive (te-form) | 掴んで [tsukande] | 掴まないで [tsukamanai de] 掴まなくて [tsukamanakute] |
Non-past / Imperfective | ||
Positive | Negative | |
Plain | 掴む [tsukamu] | 掴まない [tsukamanai] |
Polite | 掴みます [tsukamimasu] | 掴みません [tsukamimasen] |
Past / Perfective | ||
Positive | Negative | |
Plain | 掴んだ [tsukanda] | 掴まなかった [tsukamanakatta] |
Polite | 掴みました [tsukamimashita] | 掴みませんでした [tsukamimasen deshita] |
Passive | ||
Verb stem | 掴まれ [tsukamare] | |
Positive | Negative | |
Plain | 掴まれる [tsukamareru] | 掴まれない [tsukamarenai] |
Polite | 掴まれます [tsukamaremasu] | 掴まれません [tsukamaremasen] |
Past | 掴まれた [tsukamareta] | 掴まれなかった [tsukamarenakatta] |
Polite past | 掴まれました [tsukamaremashita] | 掴まれませんでした [tsukamaremasen deshita] |
Causative | ||
Verb stem | 掴ませ [tsukamase] | |
Positive | Negative | |
Plain | 掴ませる [tsukamaseru] short form: 掴ます [tsukamasu] |
掴ませない [tsukamasenai] |
Polite | 掴ませます [tsukamasemasu] | 掴ませません [tsukamasemasen] |
Past | 掴ませた [tsukamaseta] | 掴ませなかった [tsukamasenakatta] |
Polite past | 掴ませました [tsukamasemashita] | 掴ませませんでした [tsukamasemasen deshita] |
Potential | ||
Verb stem | 掴め [tsukame] | |
Positive | Negative | |
Plain | 掴める [tsukameru] | 掴めない [tsukamenai] |
Polite | 掴めます [tsukamemasu] | 掴めません [tsukamemasen] |
Past | 掴めた [tsukameta] | 掴めなかった [tsukamenakatta] |
Polite past | 掴めました [tsukamemashita] | 掴めませんでした [tsukamemasen deshita] |
Imperative | ||
Positive | Negative | |
Meireikei / Firm instruction | 掴め [tsukame] | — |
Other imperative constructions | ||
Positive | Negative | |
Polite request | 掴んでください [tsukande kudasai] | 掴まないでください [tsukamanai de kudasai] |
-nasai form | 掴みなさい [tsukaminasai] | — |
Prohibitive / Do not 〜 | — | 掴むな [tsukamu na] |
Volitional / Presumptive | ||
Positive | Negative | |
Plain | 掴もう [tsukamō] | — |
Polite | 掴みましょう [tsukamimashō] | — |
Conditional | ||
Positive | Negative | |
Hypothetical / Provisional | 掴めば [tsukameba] | 掴まなければ [tsukamanakereba] colloquial: 掴まなきゃ [tsukamanakya] |
-tara form | 掴んだら [tsukandara] | 掴まなかったら [tsukamanakattara] |
Causative passive | ||
Verb stem | standard: 掴ませられ [tsukamaserare] colloquial: 掴まされ [tsukamasare] ¹ | |
Positive | Negative | |
Plain | 掴ませられる [tsukamaserareru] 掴まされる [tsukamasareru] |
掴ませられない [tsukamaserarenai] 掴まされない [tsukamasarenai] |
Polite | 掴ませられます [tsukamaseraremasu] 掴まされます [tsukamasaremasu] |
掴ませられません [tsukamaseraremasen] 掴まされません [tsukamasaremasen] |
Past | 掴ませられた [tsukamaserareta] 掴まされた [tsukamasareta] |
掴ませられなかった [tsukamaserarenakatta] 掴まされなかった [tsukamasarenakatta] |
Polite past | 掴ませられました [tsukamaseraremashita] 掴まされました [tsukamasaremashita] |
掴ませられませんでした [tsukamaseraremasen deshita] 掴まされませんでした [tsukamasaremasen deshita] |
Desiderative (-tai form) | ||
Positive | Negative | |
Plain | 掴みたい [tsukamitai] | 掴みたくない [tsukamitaku nai] |
For other desiderative forms, see たい#Inflection. | ||
Progressive action and current state (-te iru form) | ||
Positive | Negative | |
Plain | 掴んでいる [tsukande iru] contraction: 掴んでる [tsukanderu] |
掴んでいない [tsukande inai] contraction: 掴んでない [tsukandenai] |
Polite | 掴んでいます [tsukande imasu] | 掴んでいません [tsukande imasen] |
Past | 掴んでいた [tsukande ita] | 掴んでいなかった [tsukande inakatta] |
Polite past | 掴んでいました [tsukande imashita] | 掴んでいませんでした [tsukande imasen deshita] |
Derived terms
[edit]- 掴まえる (tsukamaeru)
- 掴ませる (tsukamaseru)
- 掴まゆ (tsukamayu)
- 掴み合う (tsukamiau)
- 掴み上げる (tsukamiageru)
- 掴み洗い (tsukamiarai)
- 掴み金 (tsukamikin)
- 掴み込む (tsukamikomu)
- 掴み殺す (tsukamikorosu)
- 掴み染め (tsukamizome)
- 掴み高 (tsukamidaka)
- 掴み出す (tsukamidasu)
- 掴み立つ (tsukamitatsu)
- 掴み付く (tsukamitsuku)
- 掴み潰す (tsukamitsubusu)
- 掴み所 (tsukamidokoro)
- 掴み取る (tsukamidoru)
- 掴み投げ (tsukaminage)
- 掴み奉公 (tsukamibōkō)
- 掴み料理 (tsukamiryōri)
- 掻い掴む (kaitsukamu), 掻っ掴む (kattsukamu)
- 引っ掴む (hittsukamu), 引き掴む (hikitsukamu)
Idioms
[edit]Proverbs
[edit]- 溺れる者は藁をも掴む (oboreru mono wa wara o mo tsukamu)
- 倒るる所に土を掴む (taoruru tokoro ni tsuchi o tsukamu)
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ^ “掴・攫・抓”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
Categories:
- Japanese terms spelled with 掴 read as つか
- Japanese terms read with kun'yomi
- Japanese terms suffixed with む
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Japanese terms with Nakadaka pitch accent (Tōkyō)
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese verbs
- Japanese transitive verbs
- Japanese godan verbs
- Japanese godan verbs ending with -mu
- Japanese terms spelled with hyōgai kanji
- Japanese terms with 1 kanji