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掴む

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 摑む

Japanese

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Kanji in this term
つか
Hyōgai
kun'yomi
Alternative spellings
摑む (kyūjitai)
攫む
抓む
把む

Etymology

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Derived from (tsuka, bunch, bundle) +‎ (-mu, verb-forming suffix indicating “to look like, to seem like”).[1]

First cited to a text from 850.[2]

Pronunciation

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  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「掴む
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形)
掴む [tsùkáꜜmù]
Imperative (命令形) 掴め [tsùkáꜜmè]
Key constructions
Passive 掴まれる かまれ [tsùkámáréꜜrù]
Causative 掴ませる かませ [tsùkámáséꜜrù]
Potential 掴める かめ [tsùkáméꜜrù]
Volitional 掴もう かも [tsùkámóꜜò]
Negative 掴まない かまない [tsùkámáꜜnàì]
Negative perfective 掴まなかった かまなかった [tsùkámáꜜnàkàttà]
Formal 掴みます かみま [tsùkámímáꜜsù]
Perfective 掴んだ んだ [tsùkáꜜǹdà]
Conjunctive 掴んで んで [tsùkáꜜǹdè]
Hypothetical conditional 掴めば めば [tsùkáꜜmèbà]

Verb

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(つか) (tsukamutransitive godan (stem (つか) (tsukami), past (つか)んだ (tsukanda))

Japanese verb pair
active 掴む
mediopassive 掴まる
  1. [from 850] to grab
  2. [from 850] to grip, take hold of
  3. [from 1724] to accept (a bribe)
  4. [from 1701] to abduct, kidnap
  5. [from 1897] to capture, grasp (imagination, hearts, opportunities, etc.)

Conjugation

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Extended conjugation of tsukamu "掴む" (Class: godan "pentagrade")
(See Appendix:Japanese verbs and Japanese conjugation)
Ren’yōkei ("continuative form") 掴み [tsukami]
Rentaikei ("attributive form") 掴む [tsukamu]
Positive Negative
Conjunctive (te-form) 掴んで [tsukande] 掴まない [tsukamanai de]
掴まなくて [tsukamanakute]
Non-past / Imperfective
Positive Negative
Plain 掴む [tsukamu] 掴まない [tsukamanai]
Polite 掴みます [tsukamimasu] 掴みません [tsukamimasen]
Past / Perfective
Positive Negative
Plain 掴んだ [tsukanda] 掴まなかった [tsukamanakatta]
Polite 掴みました [tsukamimashita] 掴みませんでした [tsukamimasen deshita]
Passive
Verb stem 掴ま [tsukamare]
Positive Negative
Plain 掴まれる [tsukamareru] 掴まれない [tsukamarenai]
Polite 掴まれます [tsukamaremasu] 掴まれません [tsukamaremasen]
Past 掴まれ [tsukamareta] 掴まれなかった [tsukamarenakatta]
Polite past 掴まれました [tsukamaremashita] 掴まれませんでした [tsukamaremasen deshita]
Causative
Verb stem 掴ま [tsukamase]
Positive Negative
Plain 掴ませる [tsukamaseru]
short form: 掴ます [tsukamasu]
掴ませない [tsukamasenai]
Polite 掴ませます [tsukamasemasu] 掴ませません [tsukamasemasen]
Past 掴ませ [tsukamaseta] 掴ませなかった [tsukamasenakatta]
Polite past 掴ませました [tsukamasemashita] 掴ませませんでした [tsukamasemasen deshita]
Potential
Verb stem 掴め [tsukame]
Positive Negative
Plain 掴める [tsukameru] 掴めない [tsukamenai]
Polite 掴めます [tsukamemasu] 掴めません [tsukamemasen]
Past 掴め [tsukameta] 掴めなかった [tsukamenakatta]
Polite past 掴めました [tsukamemashita] 掴めませんでした [tsukamemasen deshita]
Imperative
Positive Negative
Meireikei / Firm instruction 掴め [tsukame]
Other imperative constructions
Positive Negative
Polite request 掴んでください [tsukande kudasai] 掴まないください [tsukamanai de kudasai]
-nasai form 掴みなさい [tsukaminasai]
Prohibitive / Do not 〜 掴む [tsukamu na]
Volitional / Presumptive
Positive Negative
Plain 掴もう [tsukamō]
Polite 掴みましょう [tsukamimashō]
Conditional
Positive Negative
Hypothetical / Provisional 掴めば [tsukameba] 掴まなければ [tsukamanakereba]
colloquial: 掴まなきゃ [tsukamanakya]
-tara form 掴んだ [tsukandara] 掴まなかったら [tsukamanakattara]
Causative passive
Verb stem standard: 掴まられ [tsukamaserare]
colloquial: 掴まされ [tsukamasare] ¹
Positive Negative
Plain 掴ませられる [tsukamaserareru]
掴まされる [tsukamasareru]
掴ませられない [tsukamaserarenai]
掴まされない [tsukamasarenai]
Polite 掴ませられます [tsukamaseraremasu]
掴まされます [tsukamasaremasu]
掴ませられません [tsukamaseraremasen]
掴まされません [tsukamasaremasen]
Past 掴ませられ [tsukamaserareta]
掴まされ [tsukamasareta]
掴ませられなかった [tsukamaserarenakatta]
掴まされなかった [tsukamasarenakatta]
Polite past 掴ませられました [tsukamaseraremashita]
掴まされました [tsukamasaremashita]
掴ませられませんでした [tsukamaseraremasen deshita]
掴まされませんでした [tsukamasaremasen deshita]
Desiderative (-tai form)
Positive Negative
Plain 掴みたい [tsukamitai] 掴みたくない [tsukamitaku nai]
For other desiderative forms, see たい#Inflection.
Progressive action and current state (-te iru form)
Positive Negative
Plain 掴んでいる [tsukande iru]
contraction: 掴んで [tsukanderu]
掴んでいない [tsukande inai]
contraction: 掴んでない [tsukandenai]
Polite 掴んでいます [tsukande imasu] 掴んでいません [tsukande imasen]
Past 掴んでいた [tsukande ita] 掴んでいなかった [tsukande inakatta]
Polite past 掴んでいました [tsukande imashita] 掴んでいませんでした [tsukande imasen deshita]
Other forms and constructions
Archaic or classical negative 掴ま [tsukamanu] ²
Archaic attributive negative
Colloquial or dialectal -ん negative 掴ま [tsukaman]
Negative continuative 掴ま [tsukamazu] ²
(〜): without 〜ing
Representative / Listing examples 掴んだ [tsukandari]
¹ In everyday speech, せら is shortened into in the causative passive forms of godan verbs: 掴ませられる掴まれる.
² Archaic form, now mostly used in set phrases, written language and formal speech.

Derived terms

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Idioms

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Proverbs

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ^ 掴・攫・抓”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
  3. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN