-ом

See also: ом, о. м., өм, and Appendix:Variations of "om"

Bulgarian

Etymology 1

Reflects the principal Proto-Slavic present passive ending *-omъ. Mostly unproductive in the colloquial speech, but reintroduced in the Standard language under the influence of Russian loanwords and the efforts of various "purist" movements (during the 18-20th century) for restoring grammatical features of Old Church Slavonic in Modern Bulgarian.

In rare occasions, the former participle may be fossilized as a noun, like in the case of Bulgarian владоми pl (vladomi, “subjects, subordinates”) (dated).

Suffix

-ом • (-om)

(unproductive) Deverbal from athematic verbs, forms adjectives expressing capacity or proclevity.
вям (vjam, “to be familiar with”) → ведом (vedom, “aware”)

ям (jam, “to eat”) → ядом (jadom, “edible”) (obsolete)
(unproductive) Deverbal from root-stem verbs, forms adjectives expressing capacity and intrinsic property.
алча (alča, “to hunger for”) → лаком (lakom, “greedy”)

Proto-Slavic *pisti (“to feed”) → *пита (*pita) → питом (pitom, “tamed, domesticated”)

тека (teka, “to flow”) → теком (tekom, “flowable”) (obsolete)

жежа (žeža, “to heat, to ignite”) → всежегом (vsežegom, “sacrificial”) (obsolete)

Derived terms

-омя (-omja)
-омен (-omen)
-омост (-omost)
-омство (-omstvo)

Related terms

-аем (-aem)
-ваем (-vaem), -уем (-uem)
-им (-im)
-яем (-jaem)

References

L. Andrejchin (1983), “Сегашно страдателно причастие”, in Граматика на съвременния български книжовен език, volume 2, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, page 377

Etymology 2

From Proto-Slavic *-omь or Proto-Slavic *-ъmь, instrumental endings of o-stem and u-stem nouns. In the modern language, derivatives constructed with this suffix are interpreted as adverbs rather than an instrumental case of the base-noun. Sometimes, adverbs from former instrumental cases further get grammatisized into interjections, as in the case of Bulgarian сбогом (sbogom, “goodbye”) (originally meaning with God).

Suffix

-ом • (-om)

Denominal, forms adverbs depicting manner or way from masculine o-stem nouns.
ред (red, “order”) → редом (redom, “along”)

ход (hod, “walk”) → ходом (hodom, “by foot”)

бяг (bjag, “run”) → бегом (begom, “by running”), набегом (nabegom, “energetically”)

куп (kup, “bunch, pile”) → купом (kupom, “in block”), вкупом (vkupom, “together, as one”)

род (rod, “kin”) → родом (rodom, “by origin, by birth”)

кръг (krǎg, “circle”) → кръгом (krǎgom, “around, in the other direction”)
Denominal, forms adverbs depicting manner or way from neuter o-stem nouns.
средство (sredstvo, “mean, tool”) → посредством (posredstvom, “by means of”)

писмо (pismo, “letter, writing”) → писмом (pismom, “in written form”)

слово (slovo, “word, speech”) → словом (slovom, “in verbal form”)

ребро (rebro, “rib”) → ребром (rebrom, “straightly”)
Denominal, forms adverbs depicting manner or way from masculine u-stem nouns.
чин (čin, “rank”) → чином (činom, “by rank”)

мир (mir, “peace”) → миром (mirom, “in peace”)
alternative form of -ою (-oju), -ам (-am) (generalized from the o-stem formation)
група (grupa, “group”) → групом (grupom, “in group”)

сила (sila, “strength, force”) → силом (silom, “by force”)
Deadjectival, forms adverbs depicting manner or way.
цял (cjal, “whole, complete”) → цялом (cjalom, “overall”)

скриш (skriš, “secretive”) → скришом (skrišom, “secretly”)

прав (prav, “right, correct”) → правом (pravom, “rightly, correctly”)

вървящ (vǎrvjašt, “walking”) → вървешком (vǎrveškom, “by walking”)

Derived terms

Bulgarian terms suffixed with -ом

-ешком (-eškom) (from present perfective participles, with dialectal decomposition of expected -щ- > -шк-)

Related terms

-ем (-em) (from yo-stem and i-stem nouns)
-ою (-oju), -ам (-am) (from a-stem nouns)

References

R. Rusinov (1983), “Наречия от съществителни имена”, in Граматика на съвременния български книжовен език, volume 2, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, page 391

Ukrainian

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Slavic *-omъ

Ukrainian -ом (-om)

From Proto-Slavic *-omь or Proto-Slavic *-ъmь, instrumental endings of o-stem and u-stem nouns. Compare Upper Sorbian -om, Bulgarian, Russian -ом (-om).

Suffix

-ом • (-om)

(unproductive) Added to present-tense verb to form participle. Deverbal from athematic verbs, forms adjectives expressing capacity or proclevity.
відати (vidaty, “to be aware”) → відо́мий (vidómyj, “known, famous”)

зна́ти (znáty, “to know”) → зна́ний (znányj, “acknowledged”) → знайомий (znajomyj, “acquainted”)
(unproductive) Deverbal from root-stem verbs, forms adjectives expressing capacity and intrinsic property.
зникати (znykaty, “to vanish”) → зникомий (znykomyj, “vanishing, vanishable”)

рухати (ruxaty, “to move”) → рухомий (ruxomyj, “moving, movable”)
Adverbial, added to root-stem verbs, or nouns: derivatives constructed with this suffix are interpreted as adverbs rather than an instrumental case of the base-noun
Coordinate term: -ем (-em)

‎слід (slid) + ‎-ом (-om) → ‎слідом (slidom, “next after”)

Derived terms

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Suffix

-ом • (-om) m (semi-soft/soft-stem variant -ем, j-stem variant -єм, feminine -ою)

_non-ar/-j instrumental singular of -∅ (zero suffix, indicates the hard-stem nouns' nominative singular of masculine second-declension)

Suffix

-ом • (-om) n (semi-soft/soft-stem variant -ем)

instrumental singular of _-о (_-o, endings of hard-stem nouns' nominative singular of neuter second-declension)

References

Лев Миха́йлович Полю́га [Lev Myxájlovyč Poljúha] (2001), Словник українських морфем [Slovnyk ukrajinsʹkyx morfem, Dictionary of Ukrainian morphemes] (in Ukrainian), Львів [Lʹviv]: Світ [Svit], →ISBN