-tura
Italian
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-tura
- -ing; -tion; -ure
- added to form nouns of mass or collection
- attrezzo (“tool”) + -tura → attrezzatura (“equipment”)
- fogna (“sewer”) + -tura → fognatura (“sewage system”)
- magistrato (“magistrate”) + -tura → magistratura (“magistracy”)
- added to verbs form nouns relating to their action
- added to form nouns of mass or collection
Derived terms
[edit]See also
[edit]Anagrams
[edit]Latin
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Somewhat uncertain, but appears to be from Proto-Indo-European *-tew- + *-r-eh₂. Note however that some cases are built on agentives in -tōr: e.g. cēnsūra, gladiātūra.[1] Resemblance to the future active participle -tūrus and archaic infinitive -tūrum is evidently accidental, though substantivizations like futūrus may have reinforced the use of -tūra.
Productive in earlier Latin but gradually overtaken by -tiō.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): [ˈtuː.ra]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): [ˈtuː.ra]
Suffix
[edit]-tūra f (genitive -tūrae); first declension
- Used to form action nouns expressing concrete results as well as activities: -ing, -ure, -work
- Synonyms: -tiō, -tus
- pingō, pingere, pīnxī, pī̆ctum (“to paint”) + -tūra → pictūra (“painting, picture”)
- scrībō, scrībere, scrīpsī, scrīptum (“to write”) + -tūra → scrīptūra (“a writing, act of writing”)
Usage notes
[edit]This suffix is one of many (including -tus, -tor, -tiō, -tim, -tō, -tūra) that all use the same verb stem as the supine, perfect passive participle, and/or future active participle, found in the verb's fourth principal part. This stem is conventionally considered to end in -t- (or for some verbs, -s-), which would imply analyzing the suffixes as -us, -or, -io, -im, etc. However, from an etymological perspective it is more accurate to identify -t-/-s- as the initial consonant of these suffixes.
- Most 1st conjugation verbs attach -t- after the theme vowel -ā-: e.g. amō, amātor, but a few form this principal part differently: e.g. secō > sectiō. Similarly, many 4th conjugation verbs use -ī-t-, but some use other formations, e.g. saliō > saltō.
- 2nd conjugation verbs are less consistent. Many use -i-t- (moneō, monitor); some attach -t- after the final consonant of the root (doceō > doctor); a considerable number lack this principal part. Monosyllabic stems use -ē-t-: ex-pleō (stem plē-) > explētiō.
- Many 3rd conjugation verbs (and some 1st, 2nd and 4th) attach -t- directly after a consonant, which can cause complex changes. When -t- is placed after -t- or -d-, the consonants merge to -ss- (simplified to -s- if not preceded by short vowel): metō > messor, caedo > caesūra. Occasionally -s- is used after other consonants: curro > cursim, mergo > mersō. Before -t-, -b- -g- are regularly devoiced to -p- -c-: scrībō > scrīptor; frīgō > frīctus. The addition of -t- can be accompanied by various other changes, including vowel shortening, vowel lengthening, consonant insertion, or consonant deletion; see -tus for more information.
Declension
[edit]First-declension noun.
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | -tūra | -tūrae |
| genitive | -tūrae | -tūrārum |
| dative | -tūrae | -tūrīs |
| accusative | -tūram | -tūrās |
| ablative | -tūrā | -tūrīs |
| vocative | -tūra | -tūrae |
Derived terms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Miller, D. Gary (2006), Latin Suffixal Derivatives in English: and their Indo-European Ancestry, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, § 3.9 -tūra/-sūra (> E -ture/-sure), pages 118–119
- Italian terms inherited from Latin
- Italian terms derived from Latin
- Italian lemmas
- Italian suffixes
- Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Latin terms with unknown etymologies
- Latin 2-syllable words
- Latin terms with IPA pronunciation
- Latin lemmas
- Latin suffixes
- Latin noun-forming suffixes
- Latin first declension suffixes
- Latin feminine suffixes in the first declension
- Latin feminine suffixes