πάσχω: difference between revisions

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===Etymology===
===Etymology===
The present stem comes from {{m|grc|*πάθσκω}}, from {{etyl|ine-pro|grc}} {{m|ine-pro|*kʷn̥dʰ-sk-}}, from {{m|ine-pro|*kʷendʰ-||to suffer, endure}}. Cognate with Lithuanian [[kenčiù]].
The four principal parts of the verb display ''e''-grade, ''o''-grade, and zero-grade — {{m|grc||πενθ-, πονθ-, παθ-}} — from {{der|grc|ine-pro||kʷendʰ-, kʷondʰ-, kʷn̥dʰ}}, from the root {{m|ine-pro|*kʷendʰ-||to suffer, endure}}. Cognate with Lithuanian [[kenčiù]].

The present {{m|grc||πάσχω}}, like the aorist {{m|grc|ἔπαθον}}, comes from the zero-grade {{m|grc||παθ-}}, but with the inchoative suffix {{lang|grc|-σκ-}} added {{m|grc||*πάθ-σκ-ω}} and subsequent loss of {{m|grc||θ}} before {{m|grc||σ}} and transference of aspiration from {{m|grc||θ}} to {{m|grc||κ}}, resulting in {{m|grc||χ}}. The future stem {{m|grc|πείσομαι}} developed from {{m|grc||*πενθ-σ-ομαι}}, from ''e''-grade {{m|grc||πενθ-}} with the tense-suffix {{m|grc|σ}}, with subsequent cluster simplification {{m|grc||νθσ > σ}} and [[w:Compensatory lengthening|compensatory lengthening]] {{m|grc||*ε > ει}}. The future stem {{m|grc|πείσω}} of the verb {{m|grc|πείθω||persuade}} is identical.


===Pronunciation===
===Pronunciation===
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{{grc-verb}}
{{grc-verb}}


# to undergo, experience {{label|grc|as opposed to acting}}
# I [[suffer]], endure.
# {{label|grc|with another person involved}} have someone do something to oneself, to be treated a certain way by someone {{label|grc|with {{m|grc|ὑπό}} and genitive|sometimes with adverb of manner}}
# I undergo.
## {{label|grc|in a negative sense}} suffer at someone's hands
# I receive or feel an impression, feel
##* {{Q|grc|Sophocles|Antigone|927|thru=929|quote=Ἀντιγόνη &nbsp; εἰ δ᾽ οἵδ᾽ ἁμαρτάνουσι, μὴ πλείω κακὰ<br>'''πάθοιεν''' ἢ καὶ δρῶσιν ἐκδίκως ἐμέ.|trans=Antigone: &nbsp; But if they are wrong [to treat me as a criminal], '''let them suffer''' no worse than ''they'' are doing unjustly to me.}}
# I am liable.
## {{label|grc|law}} to suffer a punishment
# I yearn.
# {{label|grc|without a person involved}} to experience something, have something happen to one, undergo something
## to be in a certain situation {{label|grc|with adverb of manner}}
## to feel an emotion or impulse
## {{label|grc|in negative sense}} suffer
## to be ill or injured in a certain way {{label|grc|with accusative of part affected}}


====Inflection====
====Inflection====
{{grc-conj|pres|form=act|πασχ}}
πάσχω, πείσομαι, ἔπαθον, πέπονθα, --, --
{{grc-conj|fut|form=mid|πεισ}}
{{rfinfl|grc|verb}}
{{grc-conj|aor-2|form=act|ἐπαθ|παθ}}
{{grc-conj|perf|form=act|πεπονθ|AI2P=πεπόνθᾰτε/πέπασθε/πέποσθε|APF=πεπονθυῖᾰ/πεπᾰθυῖᾰ}}
{{grc-conj|perf|form=act|πεποσχ|titleapp={{grc-dor}}}}
{{grc-conj|plup|form=act|ἐπεπονθ}}

====Synonyms====
* {{sense|to be in a certain situation}} {{l|grc|ἔχω}}

====Antonyms====
* {{sense|undergo}} {{l|grc|δράω}}, {{l|grc|ῥέζω}}


====Derived terms====
====Derived terms====
* {{m|grc|πάθος}}
* {{l|grc|πᾰ́θη}}
* {{m|grc|πένθος}}
* {{l|grc|πάθησις}}
* {{l|grc|πᾰθητός}}
* {{l|grc|πᾰθητικός}}
* {{l|grc|πᾰ́θημα}}
* {{l|grc|πᾰθηματικός}}
* {{l|grc|πᾰ́θος}}
* {{l|grc|πᾰθικός}}
* {{l|grc|πένθος}}


===References===
===References===

Revision as of 08:20, 3 April 2016

Ancient Greek

Etymology

The four principal parts of the verb display e-grade, o-grade, and zero-grade — πενθ-, πονθ-, παθ- (penth-, ponth-, path-) — from Proto-Indo-European kʷendʰ-, kʷondʰ-, kʷn̥dʰ, from the root *kʷendʰ- (to suffer, endure). Cognate with Lithuanian kenčiù.

The present πάσχω (páskhō), like the aorist ἔπαθον (épathon), comes from the zero-grade παθ- (path-), but with the inchoative suffix -σκ- added *πάθ-σκ-ω (*páth-sk-ō) and subsequent loss of θ (th) before σ (s) and transference of aspiration from θ (th) to κ (k), resulting in χ (kh). The future stem πείσομαι (peísomai) developed from *πενθ-σ-ομαι (*penth-s-omai), from e-grade πενθ- (penth-) with the tense-suffix σ (s), with subsequent cluster simplification νθσ > σ (nths > s) and compensatory lengthening *ε > ει (*e > ei). The future stem πείσω (peísō) of the verb πείθω (peíthō, persuade) is identical.

Pronunciation

Template:grc-pron

Verb

πάσχω (páskhō)

  1. to undergo, experience (as opposed to acting)
  2. (with another person involved) have someone do something to oneself, to be treated a certain way by someone (with ὑπό (hupó) and genitive, sometimes with adverb of manner)
    1. (in a negative sense) suffer at someone's hands
      • 442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 927–929:
        Ἀντιγόνη   εἰ δ᾽ οἵδ᾽ ἁμαρτάνουσι, μὴ πλείω κακὰ
        πάθοιεν ἢ καὶ δρῶσιν ἐκδίκως ἐμέ.
        Antigónē   ei d᾽ hoíd᾽ hamartánousi, mḕ pleíō kakà
        páthoien ḕ kaì drôsin ekdíkōs emé.
        Antigone:   But if they are wrong [to treat me as a criminal], let them suffer no worse than they are doing unjustly to me.
    2. (law) to suffer a punishment
  3. (without a person involved) to experience something, have something happen to one, undergo something
    1. to be in a certain situation (with adverb of manner)
    2. to feel an emotion or impulse
    3. (in negative sense) suffer
    4. to be ill or injured in a certain way (with accusative of part affected)

Inflection

Synonyms

  • (to be in a certain situation): ἔχω (ékhō)

Antonyms

Derived terms

References

  • πάσχω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • Julius Pokorny (1959), Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, in 3 vols, Bern, München: Francke Verlag