πάσχω: difference between revisions
→Etymology: add transliteration; more discussion of present stem |
|||
(4 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
Line 2: | Line 2: | ||
===Etymology=== |
===Etymology=== |
||
The |
The four principal parts of the verb display ''e''-grade, ''o''-grade, and zero-grade — {{m|grc||πενθ-, πονθ-, παθ-}} — from {{der|grc|ine-pro||kʷendʰ-, kʷondʰ-, kʷn̥dʰ}}, from the root {{m|ine-pro|*kʷendʰ-||to suffer, endure}}. Cognate with Lithuanian [[kenčiù]]. |
||
The present {{m|grc||πάσχω}}, like the aorist {{m|grc|ἔπαθον}}, comes from the zero-grade {{m|grc||παθ-}}, but with the inchoative suffix {{lang|grc|-σκ-}} added {{m|grc||*πάθ-σκ-ω}} and subsequent loss of {{m|grc||θ}} before {{m|grc||σ}} and transference of aspiration from {{m|grc||θ}} to {{m|grc||κ}}, resulting in {{m|grc||χ}}. The future stem {{m|grc|πείσομαι}} developed from {{m|grc||*πενθ-σ-ομαι}}, from ''e''-grade {{m|grc||πενθ-}} with the tense-suffix {{m|grc|σ}}, with subsequent cluster simplification {{m|grc||νθσ > σ}} and [[w:Compensatory lengthening|compensatory lengthening]] {{m|grc||*ε > ει}}. The future stem {{m|grc|πείσω}} of the verb {{m|grc|πείθω||persuade}} is identical. |
|||
===Pronunciation=== |
===Pronunciation=== |
||
Line 10: | Line 12: | ||
{{grc-verb}} |
{{grc-verb}} |
||
# to undergo, experience {{label|grc|as opposed to acting}} |
|||
# I [[suffer]], endure. |
|||
# {{label|grc|with another person involved}} have someone do something to oneself, to be treated a certain way by someone {{label|grc|with {{m|grc|ὑπό}} and genitive|sometimes with adverb of manner}} |
|||
# I undergo. |
|||
## {{label|grc|in a negative sense}} suffer at someone's hands |
|||
# I receive or feel an impression, feel |
|||
##* {{Q|grc|Sophocles|Antigone|927|thru=929|quote=Ἀντιγόνη εἰ δ᾽ οἵδ᾽ ἁμαρτάνουσι, μὴ πλείω κακὰ<br>'''πάθοιεν''' ἢ καὶ δρῶσιν ἐκδίκως ἐμέ.|trans=Antigone: But if they are wrong [to treat me as a criminal], '''let them suffer''' no worse than ''they'' are doing unjustly to me.}} |
|||
# I am liable. |
|||
## {{label|grc|law}} to suffer a punishment |
|||
# I yearn. |
|||
# {{label|grc|without a person involved}} to experience something, have something happen to one, undergo something |
|||
## to be in a certain situation {{label|grc|with adverb of manner}} |
|||
## to feel an emotion or impulse |
|||
## {{label|grc|in negative sense}} suffer |
|||
## to be ill or injured in a certain way {{label|grc|with accusative of part affected}} |
|||
====Inflection==== |
====Inflection==== |
||
{{grc-conj|pres|form=act|πασχ}} |
|||
πάσχω, πείσομαι, ἔπαθον, πέπονθα, --, -- |
|||
{{grc-conj|fut|form=mid|πεισ}} |
|||
{{rfinfl|grc|verb}} |
|||
{{grc-conj|aor-2|form=act|ἐπαθ|παθ}} |
|||
{{grc-conj|perf|form=act|πεπονθ|AI2P=πεπόνθᾰτε/πέπασθε/πέποσθε|APF=πεπονθυῖᾰ/πεπᾰθυῖᾰ}} |
|||
{{grc-conj|perf|form=act|πεποσχ|titleapp={{grc-dor}}}} |
|||
{{grc-conj|plup|form=act|ἐπεπονθ}} |
|||
====Synonyms==== |
|||
* {{sense|to be in a certain situation}} {{l|grc|ἔχω}} |
|||
====Antonyms==== |
|||
* {{sense|undergo}} {{l|grc|δράω}}, {{l|grc|ῥέζω}} |
|||
====Derived terms==== |
====Derived terms==== |
||
* {{ |
* {{l|grc|πᾰ́θη}} |
||
* {{ |
* {{l|grc|πάθησις}} |
||
* {{l|grc|πᾰθητός}} |
|||
* {{l|grc|πᾰθητικός}} |
|||
* {{l|grc|πᾰ́θημα}} |
|||
* {{l|grc|πᾰθηματικός}} |
|||
* {{l|grc|πᾰ́θος}} |
|||
* {{l|grc|πᾰθικός}} |
|||
* {{l|grc|πένθος}} |
|||
===References=== |
===References=== |
Revision as of 08:20, 3 April 2016
Ancient Greek
Etymology
The four principal parts of the verb display e-grade, o-grade, and zero-grade — πενθ-, πονθ-, παθ- (penth-, ponth-, path-) — from Proto-Indo-European kʷendʰ-, kʷondʰ-, kʷn̥dʰ, from the root *kʷendʰ- (“to suffer, endure”). Cognate with Lithuanian kenčiù.
The present πάσχω (páskhō), like the aorist ἔπαθον (épathon), comes from the zero-grade παθ- (path-), but with the inchoative suffix -σκ- added *πάθ-σκ-ω (*páth-sk-ō) and subsequent loss of θ (th) before σ (s) and transference of aspiration from θ (th) to κ (k), resulting in χ (kh). The future stem πείσομαι (peísomai) developed from *πενθ-σ-ομαι (*penth-s-omai), from e-grade πενθ- (penth-) with the tense-suffix σ (s), with subsequent cluster simplification νθσ > σ (nths > s) and compensatory lengthening *ε > ει (*e > ei). The future stem πείσω (peísō) of the verb πείθω (peíthō, “persuade”) is identical.
Pronunciation
Verb
πάσχω • (páskhō)
- to undergo, experience (as opposed to acting)
- (with another person involved) have someone do something to oneself, to be treated a certain way by someone (with ὑπό (hupó) and genitive, sometimes with adverb of manner)
- (in a negative sense) suffer at someone's hands
- 442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 927–929:
- Ἀντιγόνη εἰ δ᾽ οἵδ᾽ ἁμαρτάνουσι, μὴ πλείω κακὰ
πάθοιεν ἢ καὶ δρῶσιν ἐκδίκως ἐμέ.- Antigónē ei d᾽ hoíd᾽ hamartánousi, mḕ pleíō kakà
páthoien ḕ kaì drôsin ekdíkōs emé. - Antigone: But if they are wrong [to treat me as a criminal], let them suffer no worse than they are doing unjustly to me.
- Antigónē ei d᾽ hoíd᾽ hamartánousi, mḕ pleíō kakà
- Ἀντιγόνη εἰ δ᾽ οἵδ᾽ ἁμαρτάνουσι, μὴ πλείω κακὰ
- (law) to suffer a punishment
- (in a negative sense) suffer at someone's hands
- (without a person involved) to experience something, have something happen to one, undergo something
- to be in a certain situation (with adverb of manner)
- to feel an emotion or impulse
- (in negative sense) suffer
- to be ill or injured in a certain way (with accusative of part affected)
Inflection
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | πάσχω | πάσχεις | πάσχει | πάσχετον | πάσχετον | πάσχομεν | πάσχετε | πάσχουσῐ(ν) | ||||
subjunctive | πάσχω | πάσχῃς | πάσχῃ | πάσχητον | πάσχητον | πάσχωμεν | πάσχητε | πάσχωσῐ(ν) | |||||
optative | πάσχοιμῐ | πάσχοις | πάσχοι | πάσχοιτον | πασχοίτην | πάσχοιμεν | πάσχοιτε | πάσχοιεν | |||||
imperative | πᾶσχε | πασχέτω | πάσχετον | πασχέτων | πάσχετε | πασχόντων | |||||||
active | |||||||||||||
infinitive | πάσχειν | ||||||||||||
participle | m | πάσχων | |||||||||||
f | πάσχουσᾰ | ||||||||||||
n | πᾶσχον | ||||||||||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
middle | indicative | πείσομαι | πείσῃ, πείσει |
πείσεται | πείσεσθον | πείσεσθον | πεισόμεθᾰ | πείσεσθε | πείσονται | ||||
optative | πεισοίμην | πείσοιο | πείσοιτο | πείσοισθον | πεισοίσθην | πεισοίμεθᾰ | πείσοισθε | πείσοιντο | |||||
middle | |||||||||||||
infinitive | πείσεσθαι | ||||||||||||
participle | m | πεισόμενος | |||||||||||
f | πεισομένη | ||||||||||||
n | πεισόμενον | ||||||||||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | ἔπαθον | ἔπαθες | ἔπαθε(ν) | ἐπάθετον | ἐπαθέτην | ἐπάθομεν | ἐπάθετε | ἔπαθον | ||||
subjunctive | πάθω | πάθῃς | πάθῃ | πάθητον | πάθητον | πάθωμεν | πάθητε | πάθωσῐ(ν) | |||||
optative | πάθοιμῐ | πάθοις | πάθοι | πάθοιτον | παθοίτην | πάθοιμεν | πάθοιτε | πάθοιεν | |||||
imperative | πᾶθε | παθέτω | πάθετον | παθέτων | πάθετε | παθόντων | |||||||
active | |||||||||||||
infinitive | παθεῖν | ||||||||||||
participle | m | παθών | |||||||||||
f | παθοῦσᾰ | ||||||||||||
n | παθόν | ||||||||||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | πέπονθᾰ | πέπονθᾰς | πέπονθε(ν) | πεπόνθᾰτον | πεπόνθᾰτον | πεπόνθᾰμεν | πεπόνθᾰτε/πέπασθε/πέποσθε | πεπόνθᾱσῐ(ν) | ||||
subjunctive | πεπόνθω | πεπόνθῃς | πεπόνθῃ | πεπόνθητον | πεπόνθητον | πεπόνθωμεν | πεπόνθητε | πεπόνθωσῐ(ν) | |||||
optative | πεπόνθοιμῐ, πεπονθοίην |
πεπόνθοις, πεπονθοίης |
πεπόνθοι, πεπονθοίη |
πεπόνθοιτον | πεπονθοίτην | πεπόνθοιμεν | πεπόνθοιτε | πεπόνθοιεν | |||||
imperative | πέπονθε | πεπονθέτω | πεπόνθετον | πεπονθέτων | πεπόνθετε | πεπονθόντων | |||||||
active | |||||||||||||
infinitive | πεπονθέναι | ||||||||||||
participle | m | πεπονθώς | |||||||||||
f | πεπονθυῖᾰ/πεπᾰθυῖᾰ | ||||||||||||
n | πεπονθός | ||||||||||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | πέποσχᾰ | πέποσχᾰς | πέποσχε(ν) | πεπόσχᾰτον | πεπόσχᾰτον | πεπόσχᾰμεν | πεπόσχᾰτε | πεπόσχᾱσῐ(ν) | ||||
subjunctive | πεπόσχω | πεπόσχῃς | πεπόσχῃ | πεπόσχητον | πεπόσχητον | πεπόσχωμεν | πεπόσχητε | πεπόσχωσῐ(ν) | |||||
optative | πεπόσχοιμῐ, πεποσχοίην |
πεπόσχοις, πεποσχοίης |
πεπόσχοι, πεποσχοίη |
πεπόσχοιτον | πεποσχοίτην | πεπόσχοιμεν | πεπόσχοιτε | πεπόσχοιεν | |||||
imperative | πέποσχε | πεποσχέτω | πεπόσχετον | πεποσχέτων | πεπόσχετε | πεποσχόντων | |||||||
active | |||||||||||||
infinitive | πεποσχέναι | ||||||||||||
participle | m | πεποσχώς | |||||||||||
f | πεποσχυῖᾰ | ||||||||||||
n | πεποσχός | ||||||||||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | ἐπεπόνθειν, ἐπεπόνθη |
ἐπεπόνθεις, ἐπεπόνθης |
ἐπεπόνθει(ν) | ἐπεπόνθετον | ἐπεπονθέτην | ἐπεπόνθεμεν | ἐπεπόνθετε | ἐπεπόνθεσᾰν | ||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
Synonyms
- (to be in a certain situation): ἔχω (ékhō)
Antonyms
Derived terms
- πᾰ́θη (páthē)
- πάθησις (páthēsis)
- πᾰθητός (pathētós)
- πᾰθητικός (pathētikós)
- πᾰ́θημα (páthēma)
- πᾰθηματικός (pathēmatikós)
- πᾰ́θος (páthos)
- πᾰθικός (pathikós)
- πένθος (pénthos)
References
- “πάσχω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- Julius Pokorny (1959), Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, in 3 vols, Bern, München: Francke Verlag