強い: difference between revisions

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Found in texts from at least CE 859.<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref>
Found in texts from at least CE 859.<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref>


====Pronunciation====
===Pronunciation===
{{ja-pron|y=k|つよい|acc=2|acc_ref=DJR}}
{{ja-pron|y=k|つよい|acc=2|acc_ref=DJR}}


====Adjective====
===Adjective===
{{ja-adj|つよい|infl=i}}
{{ja-adj|つよい|infl=i}}


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#*: {{ja-usex|弱い奴が'''強い奴'''の犠%牲になるのは必%然なんだ|^よわい やつ が '''つよい やつ''' の ぎ%せい に なる の は ひつ%ぜん なん だ|It’s inevitable that the weak become sacrifices for the strong}}
#*: {{ja-usex|弱い奴が'''強い奴'''の犠%牲になるのは必%然なんだ|^よわい やつ が '''つよい やつ''' の ぎ%せい に なる の は ひつ%ぜん なん だ|It’s inevitable that the weak become sacrifices for the strong}}


=====Inflection=====
====Inflection====
{{ja-i|つよ}}
{{ja-i|つよ}}


Line 33: Line 33:
Cognate with {{m|ja|怖い|tr=kowai||scary, frightening}}, apparently from the sense of {{m|en|freeze|freezing}} from fright.<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref><ref name="DJR">{{R:Daijirin}}</ref> Likely also cognate with other terms beginning with ''ko-'' and related to senses of {{m|en|hard}}, {{m|en|stiff}}, such as {{m|ja|凝る|tr=koru||to stiffen}}, {{m|ja|凍ゆ|tr=koyu||to freeze, to become frozen|pos=classical}} → modern {{m|ja|凍える|tr=kogoeru}}.
Cognate with {{m|ja|怖い|tr=kowai||scary, frightening}}, apparently from the sense of {{m|en|freeze|freezing}} from fright.<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref><ref name="DJR">{{R:Daijirin}}</ref> Likely also cognate with other terms beginning with ''ko-'' and related to senses of {{m|en|hard}}, {{m|en|stiff}}, such as {{m|ja|凝る|tr=koru||to stiffen}}, {{m|ja|凍ゆ|tr=koyu||to freeze, to become frozen|pos=classical}} → modern {{m|ja|凍える|tr=kogoeru}}.


====Pronunciation====
===Pronunciation===
{{ja-pron|yomi=k|こわい|acc=2|acc_ref=DJR}}
{{ja-pron|yomi=k|こわい|acc=2|acc_ref=DJR}}


====Adjective====
===Adjective===
{{ja-adj|infl=い|こわい|hhira=こはい}}
{{ja-adj|infl=い|こわい|hhira=こはい}}


Line 42: Line 42:
# [[stubborn]]
# [[stubborn]]


=====Inflection=====
====Inflection====
{{ja-i|こわ}}
{{ja-i|こわ}}


Revision as of 21:11, 20 July 2019

Japanese

Alternative forms

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
強
つよ
Grade: 2
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *tuyo. Cognate with Miyako 強 (つー, tsū), Okinawan 強ーさん (ちゅーさん, chūsan).

Found in texts from at least CE 859.[1]

Pronunciation

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Adjective

強(つよ)い • (tsuyoi) -i (adverbial 強(つよ)く (tsuyoku))

  1. strong, durable, powerful
    • 2006 April 15, Nobuyuki Anzai, “[ＡＫＴ](アクト).139／　ウォーゲーム[最](さい)[終](しゅう)[決](けっ)[戦](せん)　アラン[ＶＳ](バーサス).ハロウィン② [AKT.139/ War Games Final Battle: Alan VS. Halloween ②]”, in (deprecated template usage) MÄR(メル) MÄRCHEN AWAKENS ROMANCE [MÄR: MÄRCHEN AWAKENS ROMANCE], volume 13 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 153:
      弱(よわ)い奴(やつ)が強(つよ)い奴(やつ)の犠(ぎ)牲(せい)になるのは必(ひつ)然(ぜん)なんだ
      Yowai yatsu ga tsuyoi yatsu no gisei ni naru no wa hitsuzen nan da
      It’s inevitable that the weak become sacrifices for the strong

Inflection

Inflection of 強い
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形) 強かろ つよかろ tsuyokaro
Continuative (連用形) 強く つよく tsuyoku
Terminal (終止形) 強い つよい tsuyoi
Attributive (連体形) 強い つよい tsuyoi
Hypothetical (仮定形) 強けれ つよけれ tsuyokere
Imperative (命令形) 強かれ つよかれ tsuyokare
Key constructions
Informal negative 強くない つよくない tsuyoku nai
Informal past 強かった つよかった tsuyokatta
Informal negative past 強くなかった つよくなかった tsuyoku nakatta
Formal 強いです つよいです tsuyoi desu
Formal negative 強くないです つよくないです tsuyoku nai desu
Formal past 強かったです つよかったです tsuyokatta desu
Formal negative past 強くなかったです つよくなかったです tsuyoku nakatta desu
Conjunctive 強くて つよくて tsuyokute
Conditional 強ければ つよければ tsuyokereba
Provisional 強かったら つよかったら tsuyokattara
Volitional 強かろう つよかろう tsuyokarō
Adverbial 強く つよく tsuyoku
Degree 強さ つよさ tsuyosa

Antonyms

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
強
こわ
Grade: 2
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese.[1] Appears in the Nihon Shoki, c. CE 720.

Cognate with 怖い (kowai, “scary, frightening”), apparently from the sense of freezing from fright.[1][2] Likely also cognate with other terms beginning with ko- and related to senses of hard, stiff, such as 凝る (koru, “to stiffen”), 凍ゆ (koyu, “to freeze, to become frozen”, classical) → modern 凍える (kogoeru).

Pronunciation

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Adjective

強(こわ)い • (kowai) ←こはい (kofai)?-i (adverbial 強(こわ)く (kowaku))

  1. hard, tough, stiff
  2. stubborn

Inflection

Inflection of 強い
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形) 強かろ こわかろ kowakaro
Continuative (連用形) 強く こわく kowaku
Terminal (終止形) 強い こわい kowai
Attributive (連体形) 強い こわい kowai
Hypothetical (仮定形) 強けれ こわけれ kowakere
Imperative (命令形) 強かれ こわかれ kowakare
Key constructions
Informal negative 強くない こわくない kowaku nai
Informal past 強かった こわかった kowakatta
Informal negative past 強くなかった こわくなかった kowaku nakatta
Formal 強いです こわいです kowai desu
Formal negative 強くないです こわくないです kowaku nai desu
Formal past 強かったです こわかったです kowakatta desu
Formal negative past 強くなかったです こわくなかったです kowaku nakatta desu
Conjunctive 強くて こわくて kowakute
Conditional 強ければ こわければ kowakereba
Provisional 強かったら こわかったら kowakattara
Volitional 強かろう こわかろう kowakarō
Adverbial 強く こわく kowaku
Degree 強さ こわさ kowasa

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
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