Appendix:Old Tupi pronunciation
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Old Tupi phonemes as they are represented by the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The Tupian alphabet used is the one developed by Antônio Lemos Barbosa and Eduardo de Almeida Navarro.
Consonants | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
IPA | Representation | Example | Simmilar to | |
ʔ | '[n 1] | mba'e (“thing”) | (ʔ)uh-(ʔ)oh | |
β̞ | b | abá (“man”) | Spanish huevo | |
ɣ | g | ygara (“canoe”) | Icelandic saga | |
ɡʷ[n 2] | gû | gûará (“scarlet ibis”) | guano | |
h | h | hẽhẽ (“yes”) | house | |
k | k | ka'a (“forest”) | kite | |
kʷ | kû | kûarasy (“sun”) | quantic | |
m | m | mokaba (“gun”) | medic | |
ᵐb | mb | mboîa (“snake”) | Kimbundu mbunda | |
n | n | nambi (“ear”) | nugget | |
ⁿd | nd | nde (“you”) | Greek έντομο (éntomo) | |
ŋ | ng | nhe'eng (“to speak”) | sing | |
ɲ | nh | kunhã (“woman”) | Spanish jalapeño | |
p | p | pó (“hand”) | pot | |
pʲ | pî | epîak (“to see”) | pyeong | |
pʷ | pû | pûera (“old”) | pueblo | |
ɾ | r | gûariba (“howler monkey”) | better (AusE) | |
s | s[n 3] | sy (“mother”) | saturday | |
t | t | tatu (“armadillo”) | tower | |
ʃ | x | ixé (“I”) | shock | |
Semivowels | ||||
j | î | îasy (“moon”) | yes | |
w | û | apûã (“pointy”) | watch | |
ɨ̯ | ŷ | apŷaba (“man”) | ||
Vowels | ||||
a | a | arara (“macaw”) | hat (RP) | |
ɛ | e | sykyîé (“fear”) | bet | |
i | i | karaíba (“white man”) | free | |
ɔ | o | só (“to go”) | not (RP) | |
u | u | gûasu (“big”) | boot | |
ɨ | y | 'ybá (“fruit”) | Russian быть (bytʹ) | |
ã | ã | marã (“evil”) | French croissant | |
a[n 4] | marakanã (“mini-macaw”) | |||
ɛ̃ | ẽ | nha'ẽ (“plate”) | French brin | |
e[n 4] | nhe'enga (“language”) | |||
ĩ | ĩ | mirĩ (“small”) | Portuguese assim | |
i[n 4] | tinga (“white”) | |||
ɔ̃ | õ | mokõi (“two”) | French son | |
o[n 4] | komixã (“grumichama”) | |||
ũ | ũ | apekũ (“tongue”) | Portuguese um | |
u[n 4] | una (“black”) | |||
ɨ̃ | ỹ | amỹîa (“grandfather”) | Japanese 君 (くん, kun) | |
y[n 4] | aroane'ym (“unproperly”) |
Diacritics | ||
---|---|---|
Use | ||
´ | Primary stress | |
~ | Nasalisation | |
^ | Semivowel |
Notes
[edit]- ^ Traditionally represented by a simple apostrophe ('). Other languages that have the glottal stop, namely Guaraní, may prefer to use the modifier letter apostrophe (ʼ) instead.
- ^ Some scholars disagree this sound existed in Tupi, saying it came from a misundertanding of the Europeans at the time and that w was used in all cases.
- ^ Carvalho (1987) uses ç.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 When preceding M, N or next to a nasal vowel.
References
[edit]- Antônio Lemos Barbosa (1956) Curso de tupi antigo: gramática, exercícios, textos [Course of Old Tupi: Grammar, Exercises, Texts][1] (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro: Livraria São José
- Moacyr Ribeiro de Carvalho (1987) Dicionário tupi (antigo)-português [(Old) Tupi–Portuguese Dictionary][2] (in Portuguese), Salvador: Empresa Gráfica da Bahia
- Antônio Augusto Souza Mello (2000 March 17) “Reconstruções Lexicais e Cognatos” (chapter III), in Estudo histórico da família linguística tupi-guarani: aspectos fonológicos e lexicais (in Portuguese), Florianópolis: UFSC, page 141
- Eduardo de Almeida Navarro (2005) Método Moderno de Tupi Antigo: a língua do Brasil dos primeiros séculos [Modern method of Old Tupi: the language of Brazil's early centuries][3] (in Portuguese), 3 edition, São Paulo: Global Editora, →ISBN
- Eduardo de Almeida Navarro (2013) Dicionário de tupi antigo: a língua indígena clássica do Brasil [Dictionary of Old Tupi: The Classical Indigenous Language of Brazil] (overall work in Portuguese), São Paulo: Global, →ISBN
See also
[edit]Tupi language on Wikipedia.Wikipedia