Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/braudą

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Disputed. Probably a conflation of Proto-Indo-European *bʰerw-, *bʰrewh₁- (“to boil, seethe”) (compare brew, broth) and Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH- (“to pierce; to strike”). According to Kroonen, however, derived from *brewwaną (“to brew”) directly, with a pre-form *bʰrowh₁-tó-s.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈbrɑu̯.ðɑ̃/

Noun

*braudą n

1. bread

Usage notes

According to Kluge, *hlaibaz probably referred to unleavened bread, whereas *braudą (sharing the root of *brewwaną (“to brew”)) was the more modern leavened bread.

Inflection

Declension of *braudą (neuter a-stem)

	singular	plural
nominative	*braudą	*braudō
vocative	*braudą	*braudō
accusative	*braudą	*braudō
genitive	*braudas, *braudis	*braudǫ̂
dative	*braudai	*braudamaz
instrumental	*braudō	*braudamiz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *braud
  • Old English: brēad, brēod
    • Middle English: bred, bredd, brede, breed, breede, breid, brid, bread, bræd (Early Middle English), bryad, bryead (Kent)
      • English: bread (see there for further descendants)
      • English: (West Yorkshire) breead
      • Geordie: breed
      • Scots: breid
      • Yola: breed
  • Old Frisian: brād
    • North Frisian:

      Föhr-Amrum: bruad

      Karrharder: brüdj

      Helgoland: Brooad

      Mooring: brüüdj

      Nordergoesharder: bruud

      Sylt: Bruar

      Wiedingharder: bruuid

    • Saterland Frisian: Brood
    • West Frisian: brea
  • Old Saxon: brōd
    • Middle Low German: brôt
      • Low German: Brod
        • German Low German: Broot
      • Plautdietsch: Broot
  • Old Dutch: *brōt
    • Middle Dutch: brôot
      • Dutch: brood
        • Afrikaans: brood
        • Berbice Creole Dutch: broto
        • Jersey Dutch: brôt
        • Negerhollands: brood, brot
        • Skepi Creole Dutch: brot
      • Limburgish: broead
  • Old High German: brōt, prōt, prooth, *brōd — northern variant
    • Middle High German: brōt, brōd
      • Alemannic German: Brot
        • Italian Walser: brot, broud, bruat, bròt, bröt
      • Bavarian: Brout, proat
        • Cimbrian: proat, pròat (Sette Comuni)
        • Mòcheno: proat
      • Central Franconian: Brot
        • Hunsrik: Brod
        • Luxembourgish: Brout
      • German: Brot
      • Pennsylvania German: Brot
      • Vilamovian: brūt
      • Yiddish: ברויט (broyt)
• Old Norse: brauð
  • Icelandic: brauð
  • Faroese: breyð
  • Norn: brow, brau
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: braud
  • Elfdalian: broð
  • Old Swedish: brø̄þ
    • Swedish: bröd
      • Elfdalian: bröð
  • Old Danish: brøth
    • Danish: brød
      • Norwegian Bokmål: brød
      • → Norwegian Nynorsk: brød (also through Bokmål)
• Crimean Gothic: broe
• Gothic: *𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌸 (*brauþ)
  • → Catalan: broa
  • → Old Galician-Portuguese: borõa
    • Galician: broa, boroa
    • Portuguese: broa, boroa
      • → English: broa

Further reading

• Kluge, F. and E. Seebold (2002), Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache, 24., durchgesehene und erweiterte Auflage, bearbeitet von Elmar Seebold, (on CD-ROM), Berlin. Entry Laib.
• Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 715f