User:Victar/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dʰeyGʰ-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*dʰeygʰ-

to smear, knead

Derived terms

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*dʰéygʰ-ti ~ *dʰigʰ-énti (athematic root present)
- Proto-Germanic: *diganą (“to smear, plaster”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰáygdʰi
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dáygdʰi
    - Sanskrit: देग्धि (dégdhi, “to plaster”)
  - ⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰigdʰás (“painted, smeared”)
    - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *digdʰás
      - Sanskrit: दिग्ध (digdhá)

*dʰi-né-gʰ-ti ~ *dʰi-n-gʰ-énti (nasal-infix present)
- Proto-Hellenic: *tʰingánō
  - Ancient Greek: θιγγάνω (thingánō, “to touch”)
    - Ancient Greek: Ἀθίγγανος (Athínganos)
- Proto-Italic: *fingō (“to shape, form”)
  - Faliscan: 𐌚𐌉𐌚𐌉𐌊𐌄𐌃 (fifiked, 3sg.perf.), 𐌚𐌉𐌒𐌏𐌃 (fiqod, 3pl.perf.)
  - Latin: fingō (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Proto-Italic: *fiktos
    - Faliscan: 𐌚𐌉𐌕𐌀 (fita)
    - Latin: fictus (see there for further descendants)

*dʰóygʰ-o-s (“dough”)^[1]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *děža (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *daigaz (see there for further descendants)

*dʰigʰ-ló-s
- Proto-Italic: *fiɣlos
  - Latin: figulus (“potter”)
    - ⇒ Latin: figūra (see there for further descendants)

Root

*dʰeyǵʰ-^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

to heap up, build

Derived terms

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*dʰéyǵʰ-ti ~ *dʰiǵʰ-énti (athematic root present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰáyždʰi ~ *dʰiȷ́ʰánti
  - Proto-Iranian: *dáyždi ~ *diȷ́ánti

*dʰoyǵʰ-éye-ti (éye-causative)^[2]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰayȷ́ʰáyati (“a build, heap up, wall in”)
  - Proto-Iranian: *dayȷ́áyati
    - Khotanese: [script needed] (däś-, “to heap up”)
    - Sogdian: (“to build”)
      Old Sogdian script: [Old Sogdian needed] (δštʾy, perf.pass.)
      
      Syriac script: [Syriac needed] (dysnyt, pl.pres.)
    - Parthian: (/⁠dēsēd⁠/, “to build, create”)
      Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫏𐫘𐫏𐫅 (dysyd)
      - ⇒ Parthian: (/⁠āndēšt⁠/, “to heap together”)
        Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫗𐫅𐫏𐫢𐫤 (ʾndyšt)
    - Middle Persian: (/⁠dēsēd⁠/, “to build, create”)
      Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫏𐫘𐫏𐫅 (dysyd)
      
      Book Pahlavi script: dysyt (dysyt)
    - ⇒ Proto-Iranian: *paridayȷ́áyati (“to build, fence (around)”) (+ *pari- (“around”))
      - Younger Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌⸱𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬄𐬥 (paⁱri.daēzaiiąn, “to build, fence (around)”, 3pl.pres.caus.subj.)
      - Khwarezmian: [script needed] (prdys-, “to repair (wall)”)
      - Ossetian: (“to make; to consecrate”)
        Digor Ossetian: [script needed] (fældesun)
        
        Iron Ossetian: [script needed] (fældisyn)
        
        ⇒ Ossetian: (“to weld (metal); to recover (from an illness)”)
        Digor Ossetian: [script needed] (ændeʒun)
        
        Iron Ossetian: [script needed] (ændiʒyn)
      - Sogdian: (“to build”)
        Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (prδys, perf.pass.)
      - ⇒ Proto-Iranian: *paridayȷ́ah (“garden”) (see there for further descendants)
    - ⇒ Proto-Iranian: *uzdáyzati (+ *ud-)

*dʰi-né-ǵʰ-ti ~ *dʰi-n-ǵʰ-énti (nasal-infix present)^[2]
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: դիզանեմ (dizanem, “to amass”)

*dʰéyǵʰ-o-s^[7]
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: դէզ (dēz, “a heap, pile”)
- Proto-Hellenic: *téikʰos (“a wall, fortification”)
  - Ancient Greek: τεῖχος (teîkhos)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰáyȷ́ʰas ~ *dʰiȷ́ʰás (“a wall, fortification”)
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dáyźʰas ~ *diźʰás
    - Sanskrit: देह (déha), देही (dehī́, “surrounding wall”)
      - Early Assamese: দেহা (deha)
        Assamese: দেহা (deha)
  - Proto-Iranian: *dáyȷ́ah ~ *diȷ́áh
    - Avestan: 𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬰𐬀 (daēza, “wall”)
    - Bactrian: λιζα (liza), λιζο (lizo)
    - Khwarezmian: dyzʾ
    - Kurdish: diz (diz)
    - → Middle Persian: dyz (diz)
      - Persian: دز (dez), دژ (dež)
    - Old Persian: 𐎮𐎡𐎭𐎠 (didā-, “fortress”)
    - Parthian: dyz (diz)
    - Sogdian: [script needed] (ẟyz), [script needed] (ẟyzʾ)
- Proto-Italic: *feiɣos (“a wall”)
  - Faliscan: 𐌚𐌄𐌝𐌇𐌞𐌔𐌔 (feíhúss, acc.pl.), 𐌚𐌄𐌝𐌇𐌞𐌉𐌔 (feíhúis, abl.pl.)

*dʰóyǵʰ-o-s^[8]
- Proto-Hellenic: *tóikʰos (“a wall”)
  - Mycenaean Greek: 𐀵𐀒𐀈𐀗 (to-ko-do-mo /⁠toikʰo-domos⁠/)
  - Ancient Greek: τοῖχος (toîkhos)

Metathesized *ǵʰeydʰ-

*ǵʰeydʰ-ye-ti (ye-present)
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: žiẽsti
  - Slavic: *zьdati (“to build”) (see there for further descendants)
*ǵʰeydʰ-o-s
- Balto-Slavic: *źéidas
  - Old Prussian: seydis
  - Slavic: *zidъ (“a wall”) (see there for further descendants)
*ǵʰidʰ-i-s
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Slavic: *zьdь

Root

*dʰeygʷʰ-

to press out, eject

Derived terms

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*dʰi-né-gʷʰ-ti ~ *dʰi-n-gʷʰ-énti (nasal-infix present)
- Proto-Celtic: *dingeti
  - Old Irish: dingid
  - Celtiberian: ambitinkounei

References

^ Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999) The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 119), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 204
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*dhei̯g̑h-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 140-141
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “τεῖχος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1458-1459
^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[2], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
^ Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2003) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume II, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 311—316
^ Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999) The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 119), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 204

[1] Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999) The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 119), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 204

[LIV-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*dhei̯g̑h-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 140-141

[3] Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[4] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[5] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “τεῖχος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1458-1459

[6] Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[2], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

[7] Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2003) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume II, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 311—316

[8] Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999) The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 119), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 204

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User:Victar/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dʰeyGʰ-

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