empurrar
Galician
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese *enpurrar (attested as the hapax derived term enpurron); further etymology is uncertain. Joan Coromines claims the word is unrelated to empuxar and proposes a connection with apurrar (“to incite”) and apurrir (“to put closer”) instead, which would ultimately derive it from Latin porrigere.[1] Cognate with Portuguese empurrar and likely Asturian emburriar.
For more information, see also the Portuguese entry below.
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]empurrar (first-person singular present empurro, first-person singular preterite empurrei, past participle empurrado)
Conjugation
[edit]1Less recommended.
Related terms
[edit]References
[edit]- Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “empurrar”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
- Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “empurrar”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
- Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “empurrar”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN
- ^ Coromines, Joan; Pascual, José Antonio (1984), “emburriar”, in Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico [Critical Castilian and Hispanic etymological dictionary][1] (in Spanish), volume II (Ce–F), Madrid: Gredos, →ISBN, page 564
Portuguese
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese *enpurrar (attested as the hapax derived term enpurron); further etymology is uncertain. Cognate with Galician empurrar and, according to Joan Coromines, Asturian emburriar. Coromines claims the word is unrelated to empuxar and ultimately connects it to Latin porrigere.[1]
Most modern dictionaries claim the word was borrowed from Spanish empujar (“to push”), which would make it a doublet of the inherited empuxar as well as the Latin borrowing impulsar. However, this etymology is unlikely, seeing as the word is attested at a time when Spanish ⟨j⟩ was still pronounced as /ʃ/, and Portuguese ⟨rr⟩ as /r/. The pronunciations of these words in their respective languages only became more similar in later centuries.
For more information, see also empurrão and the Galician entry above.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (Brazil) IPA(key): (careful pronunciation) /ẽ.puˈʁa(ʁ)/ [ẽ.puˈha(h)], (natural pronunciation) /ĩ.puˈʁa(ʁ)/ [ĩ.puˈha(h)]
- (São Paulo) IPA(key): (careful pronunciation) /ẽ.puˈʁa(ɾ)/ [ẽ.puˈha(ɾ)], (natural pronunciation) /ĩ.puˈʁa(ɾ)/ [ĩ.puˈha(ɾ)]
- (Rio de Janeiro) IPA(key): (careful pronunciation) /ẽ.puˈʁa(ʁ)/ [ẽ.puˈχa(χ)], (natural pronunciation) /ĩ.puˈʁa(ʁ)/ [ĩ.puˈχa(χ)]
- (Caipira) IPA(key): (careful pronunciation) /ẽ.puˈʁa(ɻ)/ [ẽ.puˈha(ɻ)], (natural pronunciation) /ĩ.puˈʁa(ɻ)/ [ĩ.puˈha(ɻ)]
Verb
[edit]empurrar (first-person singular present empurro, first-person singular preterite empurrei, past participle empurrado) (transitive)
- to push (apply a force to an object so that it moves away)
- 1614, Fernão Mendez Pinto, “Como Antonio de Faria pelejou co coſſayro Coja Acem, & do q̃ com elle lhe ſocedeo [How Antonio de Faria fought the privateer Coja Acém, and of what happened to him]” (chapter LIX), in Peregrinaçam de Fernam Mendez Pinto [Fernão Mendes Pinto’s Peregrination], 1st edition, Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, page 64v:
- […] o empurrou tão rijo que deu com elle da eſcotilha abaixo […]
- […] he pushed him so roughly that he sent him down the hatch […]
- 2005, J. K. Rowling, translated by Lia Wyler, Harry Potter e o Enigma do Príncipe [Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince] (Harry Potter; 6), Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, →ISBN, page 359:
- Ele se aproximou e experimentou empurrá-la.
- He came closer and tried to push it.
- to push (continually promote a point of view, product, etc.)
- O vendedor ficou me empurrando essa caixinha de som, e acabou que eu voltei com três.
- The salesman kept pushing these speakers to me, and I ended up coming home with three.
- 1708, “Do Emperador Carlos IV. & de Theodorico Monge de Ciſter [Of Emperor Charles IV, and of Theodorico, Cistercian Monk]” (chapter III), in Nova Floresta, ou sylva de varios apophthegmas [New forest, or grove of many apophthegmata][3], 1st edition, volume II, Lisbon: Valentim da Costa Deslandes, Calumnia [Calumny], page 253:
- Mas ſobreveyo Perdiccas amigo de Agathocles, & empurrando hũa mentira com outra o tirou a ſalvo […]
- But Perdiccas, friend of Agathocles, appeared and, pushing one lie after the other, got him out safely […]
- to force down (to swallow food forcefully)
- Obrigado, já comi demais. Nem que eu empurre.
- Thank you, I’ve eaten too much already. I couldn’t even force it down.
- to wash down (to drink liquid to help to swallow food or a pill) (Can we verify(+) this sense?)
Conjugation
[edit]1Brazilian Portuguese.
2European Portuguese.
Derived terms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Coromines, Joan; Pascual, José Antonio (1984), “emburriar”, in Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico [Critical Castilian and Hispanic etymological dictionary][2] (in Spanish), volume II (Ce–F), Madrid: Gredos, →ISBN, page 564
Further reading
[edit]- “empurrar”, in Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), São Paulo: Editora Melhoramentos, 2015–2026, →ISBN
- “empurrar”, in Dicionário infopédia da Lingua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Porto: Porto Editora, 2003–2026
- “empurrar”, in Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisboa: Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, 2001–2026
- “empurrar”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2026
- “empurrar”, in Dicionário Aulete Digital (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon Editora Digital, 2008–2026
- Galician terms inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese
- Galician terms derived from Old Galician-Portuguese
- Galician terms with unknown etymologies
- Galician terms inherited from Latin
- Galician terms derived from Latin
- Galician terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Galician/aɾ
- Rhymes:Galician/aɾ/3 syllables
- Galician lemmas
- Galician verbs
- Galician verbs ending in -ar
- Portuguese terms inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese
- Portuguese terms derived from Old Galician-Portuguese
- Portuguese terms with unknown etymologies
- Portuguese terms inherited from Latin
- Portuguese terms derived from Latin
- Portuguese 3-syllable words
- Portuguese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Portuguese 4-syllable words
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- Portuguese lemmas
- Portuguese verbs
- Portuguese verbs ending in -ar
- Portuguese transitive verbs
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