karhu

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See also: Karhu

Finnish

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Finnish Wikipedia has an article on:
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Finnish Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia fi

Etymology

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From Proto-Finnic *karhu, probably derived from *karhëda; equivalent to karhea (rough, coarse) +‎ -u. Originally a euphemism for *okci (whence oksi, ohto, and otso). Sense 3 is a semantic loan from Swedish björn and sense 4 from English bear.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈkɑrhu/, [ˈkɑ̝rhu]
  • Audio:(file)
  • Rhymes: -ɑrhu
  • Syllabification(key): kar‧hu

Noun

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karhu

  1. bear (large omnivorous mammal of the family Ursidae)
    Synonyms: see Thesaurus:karhu
  2. brown bear, Ursus arctos
    Synonyms: maakarhu, ruskeakarhu
  3. (informal) debtor
    Synonym: velkoja
    1. (informal) taxman
      Synonyms: verottaja, veronkantaja, (informal) verokarhu
  4. (finance) bear (investor who sells in anticipation of falling prices)
    Antonym: härkä

Declension

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Inflection of karhu (Kotus type 1/valo, no gradation)
nominative karhu karhut
genitive karhun karhujen
partitive karhua karhuja
illative karhuun karhuihin
singular plural
nominative karhu karhut
accusative nom. karhu karhut
gen. karhun
genitive karhun karhujen
partitive karhua karhuja
inessive karhussa karhuissa
elative karhusta karhuista
illative karhuun karhuihin
adessive karhulla karhuilla
ablative karhulta karhuilta
allative karhulle karhuille
essive karhuna karhuina
translative karhuksi karhuiksi
abessive karhutta karhuitta
instructive karhuin
comitative See the possessive forms below.
Possessive forms of karhu (Kotus type 1/valo, no gradation)
first-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative karhuni karhuni
accusative nom. karhuni karhuni
gen. karhuni
genitive karhuni karhujeni
partitive karhuani karhujani
inessive karhussani karhuissani
elative karhustani karhuistani
illative karhuuni karhuihini
adessive karhullani karhuillani
ablative karhultani karhuiltani
allative karhulleni karhuilleni
essive karhunani karhuinani
translative karhukseni karhuikseni
abessive karhuttani karhuittani
instructive
comitative karhuineni
second-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative karhusi karhusi
accusative nom. karhusi karhusi
gen. karhusi
genitive karhusi karhujesi
partitive karhuasi karhujasi
inessive karhussasi karhuissasi
elative karhustasi karhuistasi
illative karhuusi karhuihisi
adessive karhullasi karhuillasi
ablative karhultasi karhuiltasi
allative karhullesi karhuillesi
essive karhunasi karhuinasi
translative karhuksesi karhuiksesi
abessive karhuttasi karhuittasi
instructive
comitative karhuinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative karhumme karhumme
accusative nom. karhumme karhumme
gen. karhumme
genitive karhumme karhujemme
partitive karhuamme karhujamme
inessive karhussamme karhuissamme
elative karhustamme karhuistamme
illative karhuumme karhuihimme
adessive karhullamme karhuillamme
ablative karhultamme karhuiltamme
allative karhullemme karhuillemme
essive karhunamme karhuinamme
translative karhuksemme karhuiksemme
abessive karhuttamme karhuittamme
instructive
comitative karhuinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative karhunne karhunne
accusative nom. karhunne karhunne
gen. karhunne
genitive karhunne karhujenne
partitive karhuanne karhujanne
inessive karhussanne karhuissanne
elative karhustanne karhuistanne
illative karhuunne karhuihinne
adessive karhullanne karhuillanne
ablative karhultanne karhuiltanne
allative karhullenne karhuillenne
essive karhunanne karhuinanne
translative karhuksenne karhuiksenne
abessive karhuttanne karhuittanne
instructive
comitative karhuinenne
third-person possessor
singular plural
nominative karhunsa karhunsa
accusative nom. karhunsa karhunsa
gen. karhunsa
genitive karhunsa karhujensa
partitive karhuaan
karhuansa
karhujaan
karhujansa
inessive karhussaan
karhussansa
karhuissaan
karhuissansa
elative karhustaan
karhustansa
karhuistaan
karhuistansa
illative karhuunsa karhuihinsa
adessive karhullaan
karhullansa
karhuillaan
karhuillansa
ablative karhultaan
karhultansa
karhuiltaan
karhuiltansa
allative karhulleen
karhullensa
karhuilleen
karhuillensa
essive karhunaan
karhunansa
karhuinaan
karhuinansa
translative karhukseen
karhuksensa
karhuikseen
karhuiksensa
abessive karhuttaan
karhuttansa
karhuittaan
karhuittansa
instructive
comitative karhuineen
karhuinensa

Derived terms

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compounds

Further reading

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Ingrian

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Karhu.

Etymology

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From Proto-Finnic *karhu. Cognates include Finnish karhu and Estonian karu.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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karhu

  1. bear
    • 1936, N. A. Iljin and V. I. Junus, Bukvari iƶoroin șkouluja vart, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 29:
      A täs ono karhu.
      And here is a bear.

Declension

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Declension of karhu (type 4/koivu, no gradation)
singular plural
nominative karhu karhut
genitive karhun karhuin, karhuloin
partitive karhua karhuja, karhuloja
illative karhuu karhui, karhuloihe
inessive karhuus karhuis, karhulois
elative karhust karhuist, karhuloist
allative karhulle karhuille, karhuloille
adessive karhuul karhuil, karhuloil
ablative karhult karhuilt, karhuloilt
translative karhuks karhuiks, karhuloiks
essive karhunna, karhuun karhuinna, karhuloinna, karhuin, karhuloin
exessive1) karhunt karhuint, karhuloint
1) obsolete
*) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl)
**) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

Derived terms

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References

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  • Fedor Tumansky (1790) “каро”, in Опытъ повѣствованїя о дѣянїях, положенїи, состоянїи и раздѣленїи Санкт-Петербургской губернїи [An experiment of an account of the acts, location, condition and division of the Saint Petersburg gubernia], Краткїй словарь ижерскаго, финскаго, эстонскаго, чюдскаго, и ямскаго нарѣчїя съ россїйскимъ переводомъ [A short dictionary of the Ingrian, Finnish, Estonian, Chud and Yamtian dialects with a Russian translation], page 679
  • V. I. Junus (1936) Iƶoran Keelen Grammatikka[2], Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 61
  • Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 136
  • Olga I. Konkova, Nikita A. Dyachkov (2014) Inkeroin Keel: Пособие по Ижорскому Языку[3], →ISBN, page 80

Karelian

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Regional variants of karhu
North Karelian
(Viena)
karhu
South Karelian
(Tver)
karhu

Etymology

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From Proto-Finnic *karhu. Cognates include Finnish karhu and Estonian karu.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈkɑrhu/
  • Hyphenation: kar‧hu

Noun

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karhu (genitive karhun, partitive karhuo)

  1. (archaic or poetic) Synonym of kontiekondie

Declension

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Viena Karelian declension of karhu (type 1/tyttö, no gradation)
singular plural
nominative karhu karhut
genitive karhun karhujen
partitive karhuo karhuja
illative karhuh karhuloih
inessive karhušša karhuloissa
elative karhušta karhuloista
adessive karhulla karhuloilla
ablative karhulta karhuloilta
translative karhukši karhuloiksi
essive karhuna karhuloina
comitative karhuloineh
abessive karhutta karhuloitta
Tver Karelian declension of karhu (type 1/tyttö no gradation)
singular plural
nominative karhu karhut
genitive karhun karhuloin
partitive karhuo karhuloida
illative karhuh karhuloih
inessive karhušša karhuloissa
elative karhušta karhuloista
adessive karhulla karhuloilla
ablative karhulda karhuloilda
translative karhukši karhuloiksi
essive karhuna karhuloina
comitative karhunke karhuloinke
abessive karhutta karhuloitta
Possessive forms of karhu
1st person karhuni
2nd person karhuš
3rd person karhuh
*) Possessive forms are very rare for adjectives and only used in substantivised clauses.

References

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  • A. V. Punzhina (1994) “karhu”, in Словарь карельского языка (тверские говоры) [Dictionary of the Karelian language (Tver dialects)], →ISBN
  • Pertti Virtaranta, Raija Koponen (2009) “karhu”, in Marja Torikka, editor, Karjalan kielen sanakirja[4], Helsinki: Kotus, →ISSN
  • P. M. Zaykov et al. (2015) “медведь”, in Venäjä-Viena Šanakirja [Russian-Viena Karelian Dictionary], →ISBN