πύργος

See also: Πύργος

Ancient Greek

Etymology

First attested in Homer, Iliad 7.219. There are multiple theories:

1. A loanword, perhaps from Urartian 𒁓𒂵𒈾 (bur-ga-na /⁠burgana⁠/, “pillar; column; altar; base; built-up foundation”), however this may itself be a loan with no known Hurrian cognate; compare also Old Armenian բուրգն (burgn, “pyramid”).
2. Connected to Proto-Indo-European *bʰerǵʰ- (“high”), with cognates including Sanskrit बृ॒हत् (bṛhát, “lofty; high; tall”), Old Armenian բարձր (barjr, “high”) and Old English burg (English borough).
3. Kretschmer suggested a borrowing from Proto-Germanic *burgz (“fortified town; hill-fort”) mediated through some Northern Balkans language (Ancient Macedonian?).
4. Beekes points to Pre-Greek, on the basis of the resemblance to Pre-Greek placenames such as Πέργαμον (Pérgamon), particularly noting that the variant Φῠ́ρκος (Phŭ́rkos) for Πῠ́ργος (Pŭ́rgos) is seemingly reflected in the Hesychian term φῠ́ρκος (phŭ́rkos, “wall”).

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /pýr.ɡos/ → /ˈpyr.ɣos/ → /ˈpir.ɣos/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /pýr.ɡos/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈpyr.ɡos/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈpyr.ɣos/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈpyr.ɣos/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈpir.ɣos/

Noun

πῠ́ργος • (pŭ́rgos) m (genitive πῠ́ργου); second declension

1. tower; watchtower
2. (in the plural) towered wall
3. the part of the house where women live
4. castle; fortress; bulwark
5. (military) division; column

Declension

Second declension of ὁ πῠ́ργος; τοῦ πῠ́ργου (Attic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ὁ πῠ́ργος ho pŭ́rgos	τὼ πῠ́ργω tṑ pŭ́rgō	οἱ πῠ́ργοι hoi pŭ́rgoi
Genitive	τοῦ πῠ́ργου toû pŭ́rgou	τοῖν πῠ́ργοιν toîn pŭ́rgoin	τῶν πῠ́ργων tôn pŭ́rgōn
Dative	τῷ πῠ́ργῳ tōî pŭ́rgōi	τοῖν πῠ́ργοιν toîn pŭ́rgoin	τοῖς πῠ́ργοις toîs pŭ́rgois
Accusative	τὸν πῠ́ργον tòn pŭ́rgon	τὼ πῠ́ργω tṑ pŭ́rgō	τοὺς πῠ́ργους toùs pŭ́rgous
Vocative	πῠ́ργε pŭ́rge	πῠ́ργω pŭ́rgō	πῠ́ργοι pŭ́rgoi
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Derived terms

• ᾱ̓γλᾰόπῠργον (āglăópŭrgon)
• ᾱ̓γλᾰόπῠργος (āglăópŭrgos)
• ᾰ̓κροπῠ́ργῐον (ăkropŭ́rgĭon)
• ᾰ̓κρόπῠργος (ăkrópŭrgos)
• ᾰ̓κροπῠ́ργωμᾰ (ăkropŭ́rgōmă)
• ᾰ̓κροπῠργώμᾰτᾰ (ăkropŭrgṓmătă)
• ᾰ̓ντῐ́πῠργος (ăntĭ́pŭrgos)
• Ᾰ̓ντῐ́πῠργος (Ăntĭ́pŭrgos)
• ᾰ̓ντῐπῠργόω (ăntĭpŭrgóō)
• ᾰ̓ντῐπῠργῶ (ăntĭpŭrgô)
• ᾰ̓ποπῠργῐ́ζω (ăpopŭrgĭ́zō)
• ᾰ̓́πῠργος (ắpŭrgos)
• ᾰ̓πῠ́ργωτος (ăpŭ́rgōtos)
• Βᾰλᾰντῐ́πῠργον (Bălăntĭ́pŭrgon)
• βᾱρπῠ́ργος (bārpŭ́rgos)
• δῐπῠργῐ́ᾱ (dĭpŭrgĭ́ā)
• δῐπῠργῐαῖος (dĭpŭrgĭaîos)
• δῐπῠ́ργῐος (dĭpŭ́rgĭos)
• δῐ́πῠργος (dĭ́pŭrgos)
• δωδεκᾰ́πῠργος (dōdekắpŭrgos)
• ἐπῐπῠργῐδῐ́ᾱ (epĭpŭrgĭdĭ́ā)
• ἑπτᾰ́πῠργος (heptắpŭrgos)
• ἐῠ̈́πῠργος (eŭ̈́pŭrgos)
• εὔπῠργος (eúpŭrgos)
• ἡμῐπῠ́ργῐον (hēmĭpŭ́rgĭon)
• ἠῠ̈́πῠργος (ēŭ̈́pŭrgos)
• ῐ̓σόπῠργος (ĭsópŭrgos)
• κᾰλλῐ́πῠργος (kăllĭ́pŭrgos)
• κᾰλλῐπῠ́ργωτος (kăllĭpŭ́rgōtos)
• κᾰτᾰπῠργόω (kătăpŭrgóō)
• κᾰτᾰπῠργῶ (kătăpŭrgô)
• κοτᾰπῠργόω (kotăpŭrgóō)
• κοτᾰπῠργῶ (kotăpŭrgô)
• λῐθοπῠργῐ́ᾱ (lĭthopŭrgĭ́ā)
• μεσοπῠ́ργῐον (mesopŭ́rgĭon)
• μετᾰπῠ́ργῐον (metăpŭ́rgĭon)
• μετᾰπῠργῐ́ς (metăpŭrgĭ́s)
• μονοπῠργῐ́ᾱ (monopŭrgĭ́ā)
• μονοπῠ́ργῐον (monopŭ́rgĭon)
• μονοπῠ́ργῐος (monopŭ́rgĭos)
• μονόπῠργος (monópŭrgos)
• ξῠλόπῠργος (xŭlópŭrgos)
• πεντᾰπῠ́ργῐον (pentăpŭ́rgĭon)
• περῐπῠργόω (perĭpŭrgóō)
• περῐπῠργῶ (perĭpŭrgô)
• πολῠ́πῠργος (polŭ́pŭrgos)
• προπῠ́ργῐον (propŭ́rgĭon)
• προπῠ́ργῐος (propŭ́rgĭos)
• πρόπῠργος (própŭrgos)
• πῠκνόπῠργος (pŭknópŭrgos)
• Πῠργᾰλῐ́δαι (Pŭrgălĭ́dai)
• πῠ́ργειος (pŭ́rgeios)
• πῠργηδόν (pŭrgēdón)
• πῠργηρέομαι (pŭrgēréomai)
• πῠργηρέω (pŭrgēréō)
• πῠργήρης (pŭrgḗrēs)
• πῠργηροῦμαι (pŭrgēroûmai)
• πῠργηρῶ (pŭrgērô)
• πῠργῐ́ᾱ (pŭrgĭ́ā)
• πῠργῐ́δῐον (pŭrgĭ́dĭon)
• πῠ́ργῐνος (pŭ́rgĭnos)
• πῠργῐ́ον (pŭrgĭ́on)
• πῠργῐ́ς (pŭrgĭ́s)
• πῠργῐσκᾰ́ρῐον (pŭrgĭskắrĭon)
• πῠργῐ́σκῐον (pŭrgĭ́skĭon)
• πῠργῐ́σκος (pŭrgĭ́skos)
• πῠργῑ́της (pŭrgī́tēs)
• πῠργῖτῐς (pŭrgîtĭs)
• πῠ́ργῐτρον (pŭ́rgĭtron)
• πῠργόβᾱρῐς (pŭrgóbārĭs)
• πῠργοδᾰ́ῐ̈κτος (pŭrgodắĭ̈ktos)
• πῠργοδόμημᾰ (pŭrgodómēmă)
• πῠργοδόμος (pŭrgodómos)
• πῠργοδρόμος (pŭrgodrómos)
• πῠργοδώμᾰτᾰ (pŭrgodṓmătă)
• πῠργοειδής (pŭrgoeidḗs)
• πῠργόεις (pŭrgóeis)
• πῠργόθεν (pŭrgóthen)
• πῠργοκᾰ́στελλον (pŭrgokắstellon)
• πῠργοκᾰ́στελλος (pŭrgokắstellos)
• πῠργόκερᾰς (pŭrgókerăs)
• πῠργοκέρᾱτᾰ (pŭrgokérātă)
• πῠργοκρᾰ́τεῐᾰ (pŭrgokrắteĭă)
• πῠργοκτῐ́στης (pŭrgoktĭ́stēs)
• πῠργομᾰγδῶλ (pŭrgomăgdôl)
• πῠργομᾰχέω (pŭrgomăkhéō)
• πῠργομᾰ́χος (pŭrgomắkhos)
• πῠργομᾰχῶ (pŭrgomăkhô)
• πῠ́ργον (pŭ́rgon)
• πῠργοποιέω (pŭrgopoiéō)
• πῠργοποιῐ̈́ᾱ (pŭrgopoiĭ̈́ā)
• πῠργοποιός (pŭrgopoiós)
• πῠργοποιῶ (pŭrgopoiô)
• πῠργοσείστης (pŭrgoseístēs)
• πῠργοσκᾰ́φος (pŭrgoskắphos)
• Πῠργοτέλης (Pŭrgotélēs)
• Πῠργούσσᾱ (Pŭrgoússā)
• πῠργοῦχος (pŭrgoûkhos)
• πῠργοφορέω (pŭrgophoréō)
• πῠργοφόρος (pŭrgophóros)
• πῠργοφορῶ (pŭrgophorô)
• πῠργοφῠ́λᾰκος (pŭrgophŭ́lăkos)
• πῠργοφῠ́λᾰκτον (pŭrgophŭ́lăkton)
• πῠργοφῠ́λᾰκτος (pŭrgophŭ́lăktos)
• πῠργοφῠ́λᾰξ (pŭrgophŭ́lăx)
• πῠργόω (pŭrgóō)
• πῠργῶ (pŭrgô)
• πῠργώδης (pŭrgṓdēs)
• πῠ́ργωμᾰ (pŭ́rgōmă)
• πῠ́ργωσῐς (pŭ́rgōsĭs)
• πῠργώτης (pŭrgṓtēs)
• πῠργῶτῐς (pŭrgôtĭs)
• πῠργωτός (pŭrgōtós)
• στερρόπῠργος (sterrhópŭrgos)
• τειχόπῠργος (teikhópŭrgos)
• τετρᾰπῠργῐ́ᾱ (tetrăpŭrgĭ́ā)
• τετρᾰπῠ́ργῐος (tetrăpŭ́rgĭos)
• τετρᾰ́πῠργος (tetrắpŭrgos)
• τοιχοπῠργῐ́σκος (toikhopŭrgĭ́skos)
• τρῐπῠργῐ́ᾱ (trĭpŭrgĭ́ā)
• Τρῐπῠργῐ́ᾱ (Trĭpŭrgĭ́ā)
• τρῐπῠργῐαῖος (trĭpŭrgĭaîos)
• τρῐ́πῠργος (trĭ́pŭrgos)
• ῠ̔ψῐ́πῠργος (hŭpsĭ́pŭrgos)
• χρῡσόπῠργος (khrūsópŭrgos)

Related terms

• Πῠ́ργος (Pŭ́rgos)
• φῠ́ρκος (phŭ́rkos) (possibly)

Descendants

• Greek: πύργος (pýrgos)
• →? Albanian: burg
• →? Late Latin: burgus (see there for further descendants)
• → Translingual: Pyrgus
• → Turkish: burgaz

Further reading

• “πύργος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940), A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “πύργος”, in Liddell & Scott (1889), An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “πύργος”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891), A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
• πύργος in Bailly, Anatole (1935), Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
• Bauer, Walter et al. (2001), A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
• πύργος in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924), A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
• “πύργος”, in Slater, William J. (1969), Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
• G4444 in Strong, James (1979), Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
• Woodhouse, S. C. (1910), English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎^[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
  • belfry idem, page 72.
  • bulwark idem, page 103.
  • defence idem, page 204.
  • harbour idem, page 385.
  • keep idem, page 467.
  • pinnacle idem, page 614.
  • protection idem, page 653.
  • refuge idem, page 685.
  • tower idem, page 884.
  • turret idem, page 902.
• Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1262
• πύργος, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] Dictionaries for Ancient Greek and Latin (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, since 2011

Greek

Etymology

From Ancient Greek πύργος (púrgos).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpiɾ.ɣos/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation: πύρ‧γος

Noun

πύργος • (pýrgos) m (plural πύργοι)

1. tower

   κεντρικός πύργος ― kentrikós pýrgos ― central tower, castle keep

2. (chess) rook

Declension

Declension of πύργος

	singular	plural
nominative	πύργος (pýrgos)	πύργοι (pýrgoi)
genitive	πύργου (pýrgou)	πύργων (pýrgon)
accusative	πύργο (pýrgo)	πύργους (pýrgous)
vocative	πύργε (pýrge)	πύργοι (pýrgoi)

Derived terms

• ακροπύργιο n (akropýrgio, “castle keep”)

See also

Chess pieces in Greek · πεσσοί (pessoí) (layout · text)
βασιλιάς (vasiliás)	βασίλισσα (vasílissa)	πύργος (pýrgos)	αξιωματικός (axiomatikós), τρελός (trelós)	ίππος (íppos)	στρατιώτης (stratiótis), πιόνι (pióni)

Further reading

• πύργος on the Greek Wikipedia.Wikipedia ^el