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гражданин

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

Bulgarian

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Etymology

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Inherited from Old Church Slavonic гражданинъ (graždaninŭ), from Proto-Slavic *gorďaninъ. By surface analysis, град (grad, “town”) +‎ -янин (-janin) with palatalization of dental -д- before *j.

The modern civil meaning is a calque of French bourgeois.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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гра́жданин • (gráždanin) m (feminine гра́жданка, diminutive гра́жданче)

  1. townsman, burgher (resident of a town, city)
    Coordinate term: селянин (seljanin)
  2. citizen (legal member of a state)
    Coordinate term: чужденец (čuždenec)
  3. (colloquial, officialese, impolite) sir, mister, man
  4. civic-minded, public-spirited man (with keen sense of civic duty)
    Synonyms: общественик (obštestvenik), oбществен деец (obštestven deec)
  5. civilian (not a member of the armed forces)
  6. laic, layman (not a member of the clergy)
    Antonyms: военен (voenen), духовник (duhovnik)

Declension

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Declension of гра́жданин
singular plural
indefinite гра́жданин
gráždanin
гра́ждани
gráždani
definite
(subject form)
гра́жданинът
gráždaninăt
гра́жданите
gráždanite
definite
(object form)
гра́жданина
gráždanina
count form — гра́жданина
gráždanina
vocative form гра́жданино
gráždanino
гра́ждани
gráždani
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adjective
noun

References

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Russian

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic гражданинъ (graždaninŭ), from Proto-Slavic *gorďaninъ. Compare native горожа́нин (gorožánin), which was inherited from Old East Slavic. Related to го́род (górod, “city”).

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): [ɡrəʐdɐˈnʲin]
  • Audio:(file)
  • Hyphenation: гра‧жда‧нин
  • Rhymes: -in

Noun

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граждани́н • (graždanín) m anim (genitive граждани́на, nominative plural гра́ждане, genitive plural гра́ждан, female equivalent гражда́нка, relational adjective гражда́нский)

  1. citizen, national
    • 1957 [1917 November 24 (11)], Владимир Улянов-Ленин [Vladimir Ulyanov-Lenin], Яков Свердлов [Yakov Sverdlov], “Декрет об уничтожении сословий и гражданских чинов”, in Декреты советской власти, volume I, page 72; English translation from “Decree on the Abolition of Social Estates and Civil Ranks”, in Yuri Akhapkin, editor, First Decrees of Soviet Power, 1970, page 34:
      Вся́кие зва́ния (дворяни́на, купца́, мещани́на, крестья́нина и пр., ти́тулы — кня́жеские, гра́фские и пр.) и наименова́ние гражда́нских чино́в (та́йные, ста́тские и проч. сове́тники) уничтожа́ются и устана́вливается одно́ о́бщее для всего́ населе́ния Росси́и наименова́ние — гра́ждан Росси́йской Респу́блики.
      Vsjákije zvánija (dvorjanína, kupcá, meščanína, krestʹjánina i pr., títuly — knjážeskije, gráfskije i pr.) i naimenovánije graždánskix činóv (tájnyje, státskije i proč. sovétniki) uničtožájutsja i ustanávlivajetsja odnó óbščeje dlja vsevó naselénija Rossíi naimenovánije — gráždan Rossíjskoj Respúbliki.
      All designations of social standing (nobleman, merchant, petty bourgeois, peasant, etc.), title (prince, count, etc.) and civil rank (privy councillor, councillor of state, etc.) are abolished and a single designation of citizens of the Russian Republic is established for the entire population of Russia.
    • 1972 [1955, 1938], Лазарь Лагин [Lazar Lagin], “Третье приключение в метро [Third Adventure at the Metro]”, in Старик Хоттабыч [Starik Xottabyč, Old Man Khottabych], pages 168-169:
      Подошёл дежу́рный по ста́нции, уви́дел разбро́санные по перро́ну клочья бо́роды и сказа́л:
      — Граждани́н, в метро́ на́до соблюда́ть тишину́... и чистоту́...
      Podošól dežúrnyj po stáncii, uvídel razbrósannyje po perrónu kločʹja bórody i skazál:
      — Graždanín, v metró nádo sobljudátʹ tišinú... i čistotú...
      The officer on duty at the station came by, saw the tufts of beard scattered on the platform, and said:
      “Citizen, at the metro it's necessary to keep silence... and cleanliness...”
  2. (formal, law enforcement) sir, mister, Mr. (form of address used by a police officer towards a male civilian)
    Граждани́н, пройдёмте. ― Graždanín, projdjómte. ― Sir, you're going to have to come with me.

Declension

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Derived terms

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Descendants

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Further reading

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  • Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “гражданин”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
  • Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “горожанин”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress