bourgeois
English
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Borrowed from French bourgeois (“a class of citizens who were wealthier members of the Third Estate”), from Old French burgeis (“town dweller”), from Frankish *burg, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *burgz (“stronghold; city”) (whence borough). Doublet of burgess; compare also burgish.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (Received Pronunciation) IPA(key): /ˈbɔːʒ.wɑː/, /ˈbʊəʒ.wɑː/
Audio (UK): (file) - (General American) IPA(key): /bʊɹʒˈwɑː/, /ˈbʊəʒ.wɑː/
Audio (US): (file) Audio (General Australian): (file) - Rhymes: -ɔː(ɹ)ʒwɑː, -ʊə(ɹ)ʒwɑː, -ɑː
Adjective
[edit]bourgeois (comparative more bourgeois, superlative most bourgeois)
- Of or relating to the middle class, (often derogatory) their presumed overly conventional, conservative, and materialistic values.
- bourgeois opinion
- (historical) Of or relating to the bourgeoisie, the third estate of the French Ancien Regime.
- (Marxism) Of or relating to the capitalist class, (usually derogatory) the capitalist exploitation of the proletariat.
Synonyms
[edit]- (conventional, conservative): square
Derived terms
[edit]Translations
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Noun
[edit]bourgeois (usually uncountable, plural bourgeois)
- (politics, collectively, usually in the plural) The middle class.
- (rare) An individual member of the middle class.
- (usually derogatory) A person of any class with bourgeois (i.e., overly conventional and materialistic) values and attitudes.
- (history) An individual member of the bourgeoisie, the third estate of the French Ancien Regime.
- (Marxism) A capitalist, (usually derogatory) an exploiter of the proletariat.
Related terms
[edit]Translations
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Verb
[edit]bourgeois (third-person singular simple present bourgeoises, present participle bourgeoising, simple past and past participle bourgeoised)
- (transitive) To make bourgeois.
Further reading
[edit]- "bourgeois" in Raymond Williams, Keywords (revised), 1983, Fontana Press, page 45.
Etymology 2
[edit]From Middle English burjois, from French Bourgois, probably from Bourges (“the French city”) + -ois (“forming adjectives”) but possibly from bourgeois above or after Jean de Bourgeois who worked as a printer in Rouen c. 1500.
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]bourgeois (uncountable)
- (printing, dated) A size of type between brevier and long primer, standardized as 9-point.
Synonyms
[edit]- (Continental printing): galliard
Derived terms
[edit]Translations
[edit]Dutch
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Borrowed from French bourgeois.
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]bourgeois m (plural bourgeois, diminutive bourgeoistje n)
Related terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- → Indonesian: borjuis
French
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Middle French bourgois, from Old French borgeis (“town dweller”), from borc (“fortified place, town”), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *burgz (“fortress”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰérǵʰs (“fortified elevation”).
The path from Proto-Germanic to Old French is unclear. Perhaps via Frankish *burg or Late Latin burgus, or possibly both, and probably through the Late Latin intermediate burgensis. Compare Italian borghese, Portuguese burguês, Spanish burgués.
By surface analysis, bourg + -ois.
Pronunciation
[edit]Adjective
[edit]bourgeois (feminine bourgeoise, masculine plural bourgeois, feminine plural bourgeoises)
Derived terms
[edit]Noun
[edit]bourgeois m (plural bourgeois, feminine bourgeoise)
- A member of the middle class
- 1680, Molière, “Acte IV, Scene V”, in Le Bourgeois gentilhomme [The Middle-Class Aristocrat][1], page 89:
- Le Mufti commande aux Turcs de baſtonner le Bourgeois, […]
- The mufti orders the Turks to batter the bourgeois, […]
- bourgeois
- (archaic) an inhabitant of a town or city
- (archaic) someone who belongs to neither the aristocratic, clerical, nor military classes
Synonyms
[edit]- bourge (slang)
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- “bourgeois”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
German
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Borrowed from French bourgeois, name for a wealthy class of French citizens in the late 18th century.
Pronunciation
[edit]- IPA(key): /bʊrˈʒu̯aː/, [bʊʁˈʒʋaː], [ˌbʊʁ.ʒuˈaː], [bʊɐ̯-] (standard; basic form)
- IPA(key): /bʊrˈʒu̯aːz-/ (standard; inflected forms)
- IPA(key): /bʊrˈʃu̯aː(s-)/ (often in southern Germany, Austria, Switzerland)
Audio: (file)
Adjective
[edit]bourgeois (strong nominative masculine singular bourgeoiser, comparative bourgeoiser, superlative am bourgeoisesten)
Declension
[edit]See also
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- English terms borrowed from French
- English terms derived from French
- English terms derived from Old French
- English terms derived from Frankish
- English terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- English doublets
- English 2-syllable words
- English terms with IPA pronunciation
- English terms with audio links
- Rhymes:English/ɔː(ɹ)ʒwɑː
- Rhymes:English/ɔː(ɹ)ʒwɑː/2 syllables
- Rhymes:English/ʊə(ɹ)ʒwɑː
- Rhymes:English/ʊə(ɹ)ʒwɑː/2 syllables
- Rhymes:English/ɑː
- Rhymes:English/ɑː/2 syllables
- English lemmas
- English adjectives
- English derogatory terms
- English terms with collocations
- English terms with historical senses
- en:Marxism
- English nouns
- English uncountable nouns
- English countable nouns
- English indeclinable nouns
- English nouns with irregular plurals
- en:Politics
- English collective nouns
- English terms with rare senses
- en:History
- English verbs
- English transitive verbs
- English terms inherited from Middle English
- English terms derived from Middle English
- Rhymes:English/ɔɪs
- Rhymes:English/ɔɪs/2 syllables
- en:Printing
- English dated terms
- en:People
- Dutch terms borrowed from French
- Dutch terms derived from French
- Dutch terms with IPA pronunciation
- Dutch terms with audio links
- Rhymes:Dutch/aː
- Dutch lemmas
- Dutch nouns
- Dutch indeclinable nouns
- Dutch masculine nouns
- French terms inherited from Middle French
- French terms derived from Middle French
- French terms inherited from Old French
- French terms derived from Old French
- French terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- French terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- French terms derived from Frankish
- French terms derived from Late Latin
- French terms suffixed with -ois
- French 2-syllable words
- French terms with IPA pronunciation
- French terms with audio links
- French lemmas
- French adjectives
- French nouns
- French countable nouns
- French masculine nouns
- French terms with quotations
- French terms with archaic senses
- German terms borrowed from French
- German terms derived from French
- German 2-syllable words
- German terms with IPA pronunciation
- German terms with audio links
- German lemmas
- German adjectives