स्वर्

See also: स्वर

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• স্বৰ্ (Assamese script)
• ᬲ᭄ᬯᬃ (Balinese script)
• স্বর্ (Bengali script)
• 𑰭𑰿𑰪𑰨𑰿 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀲𑁆𑀯𑀭𑁆 (Brahmi script)
• သွရ် (Burmese script)
• સ્વર્ (Gujarati script)
• ਸ੍ਵਰ੍ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌸𑍍𑌵𑌰𑍍 (Grantha script)
• ꦱ꧀ꦮꦂ (Javanese script)
• 𑂮𑂹𑂫𑂩𑂹 (Kaithi script)
• ಸ್ವರ್ (Kannada script)
• ស្វរ៑ (Khmer script)
• ສ຺ວຣ຺ (Lao script)
• സ്വര് (Malayalam script)
• ᠰᠣᠸᠠᡵ (Manchu script)
• 𑘭𑘿𑘪𑘨𑘿 (Modi script)
• ᠰᢦᠷ (Mongolian script)
• 𑧍𑧠𑧊𑧈𑧠 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐬𑑂 (Newa script)
• ସ୍ଵର୍ (Odia script)
• ꢱ꣄ꢮꢬ꣄ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆱𑇀𑆮𑆫𑇀 (Sharada script)
• 𑖭𑖿𑖪𑖨𑖿 (Siddham script)
• ස‍්වර් (Sinhalese script)
• 𑪁 𑪙𑩾𑩼 𑪙 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚨𑚶𑚦𑚤𑚶 (Takri script)
• ஸ்வர் (Tamil script)
• స్వర్ (Telugu script)
• สฺวรฺ (Thai script)
• སྭ་ར྄ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒮𑓂𑒫𑒩𑓂 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨰𑩇𑨭𑨫𑨴 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *súHar (“sun”), from Proto-Indo-European *sóh₂wl̥ (“sun”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬵𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭 (huuar), Ancient Greek ἥλιος (hḗlios), Latin sōl, Persian خور (xvar), English sun. Doublet of हेलि (heli).

Alternative forms

• सुवर् (súvar) (in Yajurveda)

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /sú.ʋɐɾ/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /s̪ʋɐɾ/

Noun

स्व॑र् • (svàr) stem, n

1. the sun
   • c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda 5.14.4:

     अ॒ग्निर्जा॒तो अ॑रोचत॒ घ्नन्दस्यू॒ञ्ज्योति॑षा॒ तमः॑ ।
     अवि॑न्द॒द्गा अ॒पः स्वः॑ ॥

     agnírjātó arocata ghnándásyūñjyótiṣā támaḥ.
     ávindadgā́ apáḥ svàḥ.

     • 1896 translation by Ralph T. H. Griffith

       Agni shone bright when born, with light killing the Dasyus and the dark:
       He found the Kine, the Floods, the Sun.

2. sunshine, light
3. sky, heaven
   • c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda
4. space between the sun and the polar star, as the third of the व्याहृति (vyāhṛti, “names of the upper worlds used as mystical utterance”)
   • c. 200 BCE – 200 CE, Manusmṛti
   • c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata

Declension

Neuter root-stem declension of स्वर्

	singular
nominative	स्वः (svaḥ)
accusative	स्वः (svaḥ)
instrumental	स्वरा (svarā)
dative	सू॒रे (sūré)
ablative	स्वः॑ (svàḥ)
genitive	सूरः॑ (sū́raḥ)
locative	स्वः॑ (svàḥ)
vocative	स्वः (svaḥ)

स्वर् (svàr) is indeclinable in later Sanskrit.

Derived terms

• स्वरतिक्रम (svaratikrama, “stepping beyond heaven”)
• स्वरधीत (svaradhīta, “reaching heaven”)
• स्वरापगा (svarāpagā, “river of heaven, the Ganges”)
• स्वर्ग (svargá, “heaven”)
• स्वर्गत (svargata, “being in heaven; gone to heaven; dead”)
• स्वर्गमन (svargamana, “going to heaven; death”)
• स्वर्वत् (svàrvat, “bright, shining, celestial”)
• स्वर्वैद्य (svarvaidya, “physician of heaven; either of the two Aśvins”)

Related terms

• सूर्य (sū́rya)
• सूर (sū́ra)
• सूर्त (sū́rta)

Proper noun

स्वर् • (svar) stem, m

1. a name of Shiva
   • c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata

Further reading

• Monier Williams (1899), “स्वर्”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 1281, column 1.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Indo-European *swer- (“to resound; whistle; shout loudly; swear”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *svãrъ (“quarrel, strife, trouble”); Latin sermō; English swear, (an)swer.

Alternative forms

• स्वृ (svṛ)

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /sʋɐɾ/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /s̪ʋɐɾ/

Root

स्वर् • (svar)

1. to sound, resound, utter a sound
2. to sing praises of

Derived terms

Primary verbal forms

• स्वर॑ति (svárati, present)
• स्वरिष्यति (svariṣyati, future)
• स्वर्ता (svartā, periphrastic future)
• स्वरिता (svaritā, periphrastic future)
• अस्वा॑र् (ásvār, aorist)
• अस्वा॑रीत् (ásvārīt, aorist)
• सस्वार (sasvāra, perfect)

Secondary forms

• स्व॒रय॑ति (svaráyati, causative)
• असिस्वरत् (asisvarat, causative aorist)
• स्वर्यते (svaryate, passive of causative)
• सिस्वरिषति (sisvariṣati, desiderative)
• सास्वर्ति (sāsvarti, intensive)

Non-finite forms

• स्वरितोस् (svaritos, infinitive)
• स्वार्य (svārya, gerundive)

Derived nominal forms

• अ॒भि॒स्वर् (abhisvár)
• अ॒भि॒स्व॒र्तृ (abhisvartṛ́)
• स्वर (svara)
• स्वर॑ण (sváraṇa)
• स्वरि॑तृ (sváritṛ)
• स्व॒र्य॑ (svaryà)
• स्वा॒र (svārá)

Prefixed root forms

• अतिस्वर् (atisvar)
• अनुस्वर् (anusvar)
• अभिस्वर् (abhisvar)
• निःस्वर् (niḥsvar)
• संस्वर् (saṃsvar)

Sanskrit terms belonging to the root स्वर् (0 c, 6 e)

Category Terms derived from the Sanskrit root स्वर् not found

Further reading

• Monier Williams (1899), “स्वृ”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 1285, column 1.
• William Dwight Whitney (1885), The Roots, Verb-forms, and Primary Derivatives of the Sanskrit Language, Leipzig: Breitkopf and Härtel, page 201

• Otto Böhtlingk; Richard Schmidt (1879-1928), “स्वर्”, in Walter Slaje, Jürgen Hanneder, Paul Molitor, Jörg Ritter, editors, Nachtragswörterbuch des Sanskrit [Dictionary of Sanskrit with supplements] (in German), Halle-Wittenberg: Martin-Luther-Universität, published 2016
• Arthur Anthony Macdonell (1893), “स्वर्”, in A practical Sanskrit dictionary with transliteration, accentuation, and etymological analysis throughout, London: Oxford University Press

• Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006), The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 353
• Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 613
• Pokorny, Julius (1959), “1. su̯er-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume III, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1049