歪む

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Japanese[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Kanji in this term
歪
ひず
Hyōgaiji
kun’yomi

Unknown. Possible shared root with 肘 (hiji, “elbow”) and 膝 (hiza, “knee”), related to ideas of bending.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "歪む"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形) 		歪む ひずむ [hìzúmú]
Imperative (命令形) 歪め ひずめ [hìzúmé]
Key constructions
Passive 歪まれる ひずまれる [hìzúmárérú]
Causative 歪ませる ひずませる [hìzúmásérú]
Potential - - -
Volitional 歪もう ひずも​ー [hìzúmóꜜò]
Negative 歪まない ひずまない [hìzúmánáí]
Negative perfective 歪まなかった ひずまな​かった [hìzúmánáꜜkàttà]
Formal 歪みます ひずみま​す [hìzúmímáꜜsù]
Perfective 歪んだ ひずんだ [hìzúńdá]
Conjunctive 歪んで ひずんで [hìzúńdé]
Hypothetical conditional 歪めば ひずめ​ば [hìzúméꜜbà]

Verb[edit]

歪(ひず)む • (hizumu) ←ひづむ (fidumu)?transitive or intransitive godan (stem 歪(ひず)み (hizumi), past 歪(ひず)んだ (hizunda))

  1. (intransitive) to become bent, deformed, warped, twisted, crooked
  2. (transitive) to bend or warp something:
    1. to bend something, to warp or distort something
    2. to bend or fold something into itself so it becomes smaller
    3. (figurative) to berate or torment someone
Usage notes[edit]

ひずむ (hizumu) can be used to describe:

  • images:
    映(えい)像(ぞう)が歪(ひず)む ― eizō ga hizumu ― the image is distorting
  • shapes:
    箱(はこ)の形(かたち)が歪(ひず)む ― hako no katachi ga hizumu ― the box's shape is distorting
  • audio:
    音(おん)声(せい)が歪(ひず)む ― onsei ga hizumu ― the sound is distorting

but cannot be used to describe:

  • facial expressions

ひずむ (hizumu) implies that the subject is difficult to see or hear properly due to noise, distortion, or other impurity. It is used less to describe specific shapes, and more to describe noise in images or audio.

Conjugation[edit]
Conjugation of "歪む" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 歪ま ひずま hizuma
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 歪み ひずみ hizumi
Shūshikei ("terminal") 歪む ひずむ hizumu
Rentaikei ("attributive") 歪む ひずむ hizumu
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 歪め ひずめ hizume
Meireikei ("imperative") 歪め ひずめ hizume
Key constructions
Passive 歪まれる ひずまれる hizumareru
Causative 歪ませる
歪ます 		ひずませる
ひずます 		hizumaseru
hizumasu
Potential 歪める ひずめる hizumeru
Volitional 歪もう ひずもう hizumō
Negative 歪まない ひずまない hizumanai
Negative continuative 歪まず ひずまず hizumazu
Formal 歪みます ひずみます hizumimasu
Perfective 歪んだ ひずんだ hizunda
Conjunctive 歪んで ひずんで hizunde
Hypothetical conditional 歪めば ひずめば hizumeba

Etymology 2[edit]

Kanji in this term
歪
ゆが
Hyōgaiji
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese, which in turn comes from Proto-Japonic *yOnkamu. Possibly related to 弓 (yumi, “a bow”), which appears in compounds as ゆ (yu).

Pronunciation[edit]

  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "歪む"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形) 		歪む ゆがむ [yùgámú]
Imperative (命令形) 歪め ゆがめ [yùgámé]
Key constructions
Passive 歪まれる ゆがまれる [yùgámárérú]
Causative 歪ませる ゆがませる [yùgámásérú]
Potential - - -
Volitional 歪もう ゆがも​ー [yùgámóꜜò]
Negative 歪まない ゆがまない [yùgámánáí]
Negative perfective 歪まなかった ゆがまな​かった [yùgámánáꜜkàttà]
Formal 歪みます ゆがみま​す [yùgámímáꜜsù]
Perfective 歪んだ ゆがんだ [yùgáńdá]
Conjunctive 歪んで ゆがんで [yùgáńdé]
Hypothetical conditional 歪めば ゆがめ​ば [yùgáméꜜbà]

Verb[edit]

歪(ゆが)む • (yugamu) intransitive godan (stem 歪(ゆが)み (yugami), past 歪(ゆが)んだ (yuganda))

Japanese verb pair
active 歪(ゆが)める (歪(ゆが)める)
mediopassive 歪(ゆが)む (歪(ゆが)む)
  1. to deform, to bend, to become warped or twisted
  2. to become improper or irregular, such as emotions or actions
  3. to deviate from a previous stance or favorable direction
  4. to speak in a strong accent
Usage notes[edit]

ゆがむ (yugamu) can be used to describe:

  • images:
    映(えい)像(ぞう)が歪(ゆが)む ― eizō ga yugamu ― the image is deforming
  • shapes:
    箱(はこ)の形(かたち)が歪(ゆが)む ― hako no katachi ga yugamu ― the box's shape is deforming
  • facial expressions:
    苦(くる)しみで顔(かお)が歪(ゆが)む ― kurushimi de kao ga yugamu ― the suffering face is becoming irregular

but cannot be used to describe:

  • audio

ゆがむ (yugamu) implies that a shape or form has become distorted or deformed for some reason. This can be used to describe three-dimensional objects or lines, but is more often used to describe flat objects. ゆがむ (yugamu) often carries negative connotations.

Conjugation[edit]
Conjugation of "歪む" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 歪ま ゆがま yugama
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 歪み ゆがみ yugami
Shūshikei ("terminal") 歪む ゆがむ yugamu
Rentaikei ("attributive") 歪む ゆがむ yugamu
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 歪め ゆがめ yugame
Meireikei ("imperative") 歪め ゆがめ yugame
Key constructions
Passive 歪まれる ゆがまれる yugamareru
Causative 歪ませる
歪ます 		ゆがませる
ゆがます 		yugamaseru
yugamasu
Potential 歪める ゆがめる yugameru
Volitional 歪もう ゆがもう yugamō
Negative 歪まない ゆがまない yugamanai
Negative continuative 歪まず ゆがまず yugamazu
Formal 歪みます ゆがみます yugamimasu
Perfective 歪んだ ゆがんだ yuganda
Conjunctive 歪んで ゆがんで yugande
Hypothetical conditional 歪めば ゆがめば yugameba
Classical conjugation of "歪む" (マ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 歪ま ゆがま yugama
Continuative (連用形) 歪み ゆがみ yugami
Terminal (終止形) 歪む ゆがむ yugamu
Attributive (連体形) 歪む ゆがむ yugamu
Realis (已然形) 歪め ゆがめ yugame
Imperative (命令形) 歪め ゆがめ yugame
Key constructions
Negative 歪まず ゆがまず yugamazu
Contrasting conjunction 歪めど ゆがめど yugamedo
Causal conjunction 歪めば ゆがめば yugameba
Conditional conjunction 歪まば ゆがまば yugamaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 歪みき ゆがみき yugamiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 歪みけり ゆがみけり yugamikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 歪みつ ゆがみつ yugamitu
Perfect tense (natural event) 歪みぬ ゆがみぬ yugaminu
Perfect-continuative tense 歪めり
歪みたり		 ゆがめり
ゆがみたり		 yugameri
yugamitari
Volitional 歪まむ ゆがまむ yugamamu
Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 3[edit]

Kanji in this term
歪
いが
Hyōgaiji
kun’yomi

Phonetic alteration from ゆがむ (yugamu).[2]

Pronunciation[edit]

Verb[edit]

歪(いが)む • (igamu) transitive or intransitive godan (stem 歪(いが)み (igami), past 歪(いが)んだ (iganda))

  1. (intransitive) to become bent or deformed:
    1. to deform, to bend, to become warped or twisted
    2. to become improper or irregular, such as emotions or actions
    3. to become sick (as used by carpenters and performers)
  2. (transitive) to steal something
Usage notes[edit]

The ゆがむ (yugamu) reading is generally more common for the intransitive senses.

Conjugation[edit]
Conjugation of "歪む" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 歪ま いがま igama
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 歪み いがみ igami
Shūshikei ("terminal") 歪む いがむ igamu
Rentaikei ("attributive") 歪む いがむ igamu
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 歪め いがめ igame
Meireikei ("imperative") 歪め いがめ igame
Key constructions
Passive 歪まれる いがまれる igamareru
Causative 歪ませる
歪ます 		いがませる
いがます 		igamaseru
igamasu
Potential 歪める いがめる igameru
Volitional 歪もう いがもう igamō
Negative 歪まない いがまない igamanai
Negative continuative 歪まず いがまず igamazu
Formal 歪みます いがみます igamimasu
Perfective 歪んだ いがんだ iganda
Conjunctive 歪んで いがんで igande
Hypothetical conditional 歪めば いがめば igameba
Derived terms[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
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