ꜣbḫ

Egyptian

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ˈʀaːbaχ/ → /ˈʀaːbaχ/ → /ˈʔaːbəχ/ → /ˈʔoːβəχ/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈʀaːbaχ/
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈʀaːbaχ/
• (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈʔaːbəχ/
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈʔoːβəχ/

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ɑbɛx/
  • Conventional anglicization: abekh

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (transitive) to combine, to unite, to put together (something) (+ n: with, to) [since the Middle Kingdom]
2. (transitive, with m or ḥr, medicine, of drugs) to mix into or with
3. (transitive or intransitive (with m)) to join (someone)
4. (transitive, with m) to suffuse with (something abstract, e.g. happiness, fragrance, strength, radiance)
5. (transitive) to link (arms) [Pyramid Texts]
6. (intransitive) to merge, to unite, to mingle (+ ḥnꜥ: with; + n, + m, + r: with, into)
7. (intransitive) to amass, to flock together
8. (intransitive) to engage (in battle)

Inflection

Conjugation of ꜣbḫ (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: ꜣbḫ, geminated stem: ꜣbḫḫ

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
ꜣbḫ	ꜣbḫw, ꜣbḫ	ꜣbḫt	ꜣbḫ	ꜣbḫ

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
ꜣbḫ	ḥr ꜣbḫ	m ꜣbḫ	r ꜣbḫ

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	ꜣbḫ.n	ꜣbḫw, ꜣbḫ	consecutive	ꜣbḫ.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	ꜣbḫt
perfective3	ꜣbḫ	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	ꜣbḫ.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	ꜣbḫ	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	ꜣbḫ	ꜣbḫḫ	potentialis1	ꜣbḫ.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	ꜣbḫ	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	ꜣbḫ.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	ꜣbḫ	active + .tj1, .tw2	ꜣbḫ	ꜣbḫ, ꜣbḫw5, ꜣbḫy5
imperfective	ꜣbḫ, ꜣbḫy, ꜣbḫw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	ꜣbḫ, ꜣbḫj6, ꜣbḫy6	ꜣbḫ, ꜣbḫw5
prospective	ꜣbḫ, ꜣbḫtj7	—	ꜣbḫtj4, ꜣbḫt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜣbḫ  

ꜣbḫ	ꜣbḫ	ꜣbḫ	ꜣbḫ	ꜣbḫ	ꜣbḫ	ꜣbḫ	ꜣbꜣḫ	ꜣbḫ
				[Pyramid Texts]	[New Kingdom]	[New Kingdom]	[Greco-Roman Period]	[Greco-Roman Period]

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜣbḫ  

ꜣbḫ	ꜣbḫ	ꜣbḫ	jbḫ	ꜣbḫ	ꜣbḫj
[Greco-Roman Period]	[Greco-Roman Period]	[Greco-Roman Period]	[Greco-Roman Period]	[Greco-Roman Period]	[Greco-Roman Period]

Derived terms

• ꜣbḫt

Descendants

• Akhmimic Coptic: ⲱⲃⳉ (ōbx)
• Coptic Dialect P: ⲱⲃⳋ (ōbç)
• Fayyumic Coptic: ⲱⲃⲉϣ (ōbeš)
• Sahidic Coptic: ⲱⲃϣ (ōbš)

References

• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 455.
• Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 2
• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[1], volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 8.7–8.20
• Wilson, Penelope (1991) A Lexicographical Study of the Ptolemaic Texts in the Temple of Edfu, Liverpool: University of Liverpool, pages 10–11
• Vycichl, Werner (1983) Dictionnaire Étymologique de la Langue Copte, Leuven: Peeters, →ISBN, page 249