-ism

See also: ism, -ism-, and ISM

English

Etymology

Ultimately from either (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Ancient Greek -ισμός (-ismós), a suffix that forms abstract nouns of action, state, condition, doctrine; from stem of verbs in -ίζειν (-ízein) (whence (deprecated template usage) [etyl] English -ize), or from the related suffix (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Ancient Greek -ισμα (-isma), which more specifically expressed a finished act or thing done.

Many English nouns in -ism are loans of Greek nouns in -ισμός (mostly via Latin and French), such as baptism from βαπτισμός (loaned from Old French ca. 1300), or Judaism from Ἰουδαισμός (a learned English formation based on Latin, coined ca. 1500). In Late Latin, the -ismus suffix became the ordinary ending for names of religions and ecclesiastical or philosophical systems or schools of thought, thus chrīstiānismus (whence 16th c. Christianism) in Tertullian, a trend continued in Medieval Latin, with e.g. pāgānismus attested by the 8th century. From the 16th century, such formations became very common in English, until the early 18th century mostly restricted to either root words of Greek or Latin origin (heroism, patriotism) or proper names (Calvinism, Lutheranism). Productivity from root words with evidently non-Latin and non-Greek origin dates to the late 18th century (e.g. blackguardism). Reflecting this productivity, use of ism as a standalone noun is attested by Edward Pettit (1680) and becomes common from the mid 18th century. The narrowed sense of forming terms for ideologies based on the belief of superiority is a "draft addition" submitted to OED in 2004, based on coinages such as racism (1932) or sexism (1936) and productive since the 1970s.

Pronunciation

• (deprecated use of |lang= parameter) IPA^(key): /ɪzəm/

Suffix

-ism

1. baptism (1300), aphorism (1528), criticism (1607), magnetism (1616)

2. ((when de-capitalized, these overlap with the generic "doctrines" sense below, e.g. Liberalism vs. liberalism):).

   Lutheranism (1560), Calvinism (1570), Protestantism (1606), Congregationalism (1716), Mohammedanism (1815),: Palamism (1949)

3. Used to form names of a tendency of behaviour, action, state, condition or opinion belonging to a class or group of persons; the result of a doctrine, ideology or principle or lack thereof.

   atheism (1587), ruffianism (1589), giantism (1639), fanaticism (1652), theism (1678), religionism (1706), patriotism (1716), heroism (1717), despotism (1728), old-maidism (1776), capitalism (1792), nationism (1798), romanticism (1803), conservatism (1832), sexualism (1842), vegetarianism (1848), externalism (1856), young-ladyism (1869), opportunism (1870), blackguardism (1875), jingoism (1878), feminism (1895), dwarfism (1895)

4. Atticism (1612), Gallicism (1656), archaism (1709), Americanism (1781), colloquialism (1834), newspaperism (1838), Shakespearianism (1886),

5. Used to form names of ideologies expressing belief in the superiority of a certain class within the concept expressed by the root word, or a pattern of behavior or a social norm that benefits members of the group indicated by the root word. ((based on a late 20th-century narrowing of the "terms for a doctrine" sense):)

   racism (1932), sexism (1936), classism (1971), speciesism (1975), heterosexism (1979), ableism (1981)

6. (deprecated template usage) (medicine)

   crotalism, daturism, latrodectism, loxoscelism,

Derived terms

English terms suffixed with -ism

• ism
• -icism

Related terms

• -ist
• -istic

Translations

a principle, belief or movement

• Arabic: ـية (-íyya)
• Armenian: -իզմ (-izm)
• Asturian: -ismu m
• Belarusian: -і́зм m (-ízm), -ы́зм m (-ýzm)
• Bulgarian: -и́зъм m (-ízǎm)
• Catalan: -isme m
• Chinese:

  Mandarin: -主義／-主义 (zh), -主义 (zh) (-zhǔyì)

• Czech: -ismus m
• Danish: -isme c
• Dutch: -isme (nl) n
• Esperanto: -o, -ismo
• Estonian: -ism (et)
• Faroese: -isma f
• Finnish: -ismi (fi)
• French: -isme (fr) m
• Galician: -ismo (gl) m
• Georgian: -იზმი (-izmi)
• German: -ismus (de) m
• Greek: -ισμός (el) m (-ismós)
• Hindi: -वाद m (-vād)
• Hungarian: -izmus
• Indonesian: -isme (id)
• Italian: -ismo (it) m
• (deprecated template usage) {{trans-mid}}
• Japanese: -主義 (ja) (-しゅぎ, -shugi), (loanwords, vowel "i" can be merged into kana of the previous consonant) -イズム (ja) (-izumu)
• Khmer: និយម (km) (ni'yum), លទ្ធិ- (km) (lattʰi')
• Korean: -주의 (ko), -主義 (ko), 이즘 (ko)
• Latin: -ismus m, -isma n
• Latvian: -isms m
• Lithuanian: -izmas m
• Macedonian: -и́зам m (-ízam)
• Malay: -isme
• Polish: -yzm (pl) m, -izm (pl) m
• Portuguese: -ismo (pt) m
• Romanian: -ism n
• Russian: -и́зм (ru) m (-ízm)
• Serbo-Croatian:

  Cyrillic: -изам m

  Roman: -izam m

• Slovak: -izmus m
• Slovene: -izem m
• Spanish: -ismo (es) m
• Swedish: -ism (sv) c
• Thai: ลัทธิ- (th) (láttí-)
• Turkish: -izm
• Ukrainian: -і́зм m (-ízm), -и́зм m (-ýzm)
• Vietnamese: chủ nghĩa ... (vi) (主義...)
• Walloon: -isse (wa)

The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

Translations to be checked

• Alemannic German: ^{(please verify)} -ismus m
• (deprecated template usage) Corsican: -ismu?
• Hebrew: ^{(please verify)} יזם- m
• Icelandic: ^{(please verify)} -ismi m
• Interlingua: ^{(please verify)} -ismo
• Interlingue:
• Latin: ^{(please verify)} -ismus m
• (deprecated template usage) {{trans-mid}}
• Low German: ^{(please verify)} -ismus m
• Luxembourgish: ^{(please verify)} -ismus m
• Norwegian: ^{(please verify)} -isme
• Sardinian: ^{(please verify)} -ismu m
• Sicilian: ^{(please verify)} -isma f, ^{(please verify)} -ismu m
• Slovene: ^{(please verify)} -izem m
• Sundanese: ^{(please verify)} -isme
• Tibetan: ^{(please verify)} རིང་ལུགས (ring lugs)

References

• Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. "-ism, suffix".

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Romanian

Etymology

Borrowed from literary (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Latin -ismus, (deprecated template usage) [etyl] French -isme, ultimately from (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Ancient Greek -ισμός (-ismós).

Suffix

-ism n

1. Template:l/en (indicates a belief or principle)

   creștinism - Christianity

   anarchism - anarchism

Declension

    declension of -ism

gender n	uncountable
Nominative/Accusative (Unarticulated)	-ism
Nominative/Accusative (Definite articulation)	-ismul
Genitive/Dative (Definite articulation)	-ismului

Related terms

• -ist