Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/izwiz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Ringe (2017: 235) cites two possibilities: (1) citing Katz (1998: 102-5, 110-12), from PIE Proto-Indo-European *uswé, an oblique form of *yū́ that then underwent apheresis to *swé, and in turn a prop vowel *I was added to create *iswé, with further changes and analogies leading to hypothetical accusative *is and dative-instrumental *izwiz, with the latter eventually replacing the former in form. (2) citing Michael Weiss (p.c.), dissimilation to *iswé took place. In either case, an instrumental plural in *-is was formed on the model of the 1pl.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈiz.wiz/

Pronoun

*izwiz

1. accusative/dative/instrumental of *jūz

Descendants

• West Germanic: *iwwi (from dative/accusative of *jīz)
  • Old English: ēow
    • Middle English: yow
      • English: you
      • Scots: you
    • ⇒ Old English: ēowic (with -c from the singular accusative pronouns)
  • Old Frisian: jū, iu, jō, io
    • North Frisian: juu
    • Saterland Frisian: jou, Jou
    • West Frisian: jo
  • Old Saxon: iu, eu, iuu, giu
    • Middle Low German: jû, jûw
      • Low German: ju, jug, jo, jau, u, ugg
  • Old Dutch: iu
    • Middle Dutch: u, ju
      • Dutch: u
  • Old Dutch: *jū (northern variant)
    • Middle Dutch: jou
      • Dutch: jou, a (Brabant)
        • Afrikaans: jou
        • Jersey Dutch: jāu
        • Petjo: jou
        • Skepi Creole Dutch: asu
  • Old High German: iu
    • Middle High German: iu
      • Alemannic German: öi
    • ⇒ Old High German: iuwih (with -h from the singular accusative pronouns)
      • Middle High German: iuch
        • Alemannic German: üüch
        • Cimbrian: òich
        • German: euch
        • Luxembourgish: iech
        • Yiddish: אײַך (aykh)
• Old West Norse: yðr, iðʀ — Old East Norse
  • Icelandic: yður
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: øder, (dialectal) ør, dør, døre
• Old East Norse: iðʀ, yðr — Old West Norse
  • Old Swedish: iþer, idher
    • Swedish: eder, er
  • Danish: eder, jer
    • Norwegian Bokmål: eder
  • → Norwegian: (dialectal) der, dere
    • → Norwegian Bokmål: dere
• Gothic: 𐌹𐌶𐍅𐌹𐍃 (izwis)