Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵenh₁-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*ǵenh₁- (perfective)

1. to produce, to beget, to give birth

Derived terms

• *ǵénh₁-ti (root present)
  • Proto-Celtic: *gniyeti (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ánati
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́ánati
      • Sanskrit: जनति (jánati)
    • Proto-Iranian: *jánati
      • Central Iranian:
        • , 𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌 (zaiiāⁱti)
      • Northeastern Iranian:
        • Ossetian: (“to bear, bring forth [usually of animals]; to be born, grow”)

          Digor Ossetian: зайин (zajin)

          Iron Ossetian: зайун (zajun)

        • Sogdo-Bactrian:
          • Bactrian: ζαδο (zado, “born (ppp)”)
          • Khwarezmian: [script needed] (zʼd, “born (ppp)”)
          • Sogdian: (/⁠zan-⁠/)

            Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (zn)

            Sogdian script: [script needed] (zn)

            Syriac script: ܙܢ (zn)

          • Yagnobi: зан (zan-, “bear, give birth; to be born”), занта (zánta)
      • Southeastern Iranian:
        • Pashto: زوول (zōwul, “to give birth to, to bear, to bring forth”)
      • Northwestern Iranian:
        • Baluchi: زات (zát), زای (zá(y)-)
        • Kurdish: (/⁠zān, zāyīn, -zē-⁠/)

          Central Kurdish: زان (zan), زێ (-zê-)

          Northern Kurdish: zayîn, zan, -zê-

        • Proto-Medo-Parthian:
          • Caspian:
            • Gilaki: [script needed] (zaan), زاج (zāj-)
          • Parthian: (/⁠zāy-, zāyad⁠/, “to give birth to; be born”)

            Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (zʾy-) , [script needed] (zʼyd)

          • Proto-Zaza-Gorani:
            • Gurani: زای (zāy) ز (-z-)
            • Zazaki: zayene, za-
      • Southwestern Iranian:
        • Middle Persian: (/⁠zādan, zāy-⁠/, “to bear, give birth to; engender, be born, come forth”); [Term?] (/⁠zāyēnīdan, zāyēn-⁠/, “to bear, give birth to”)

          Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (Y̠LYDWNtn'), [script needed] (zʾtn'), [script needed] (zʼ-)

          Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (zʾd), [script needed] (zʾy-); [script needed] (zʾyn-)

          • Classical Persian: زادن (zādan), زاییدن (zāyīdan), زای (zāy-); زایانیدن (zāyānīdan, “to be born”)
            • Dari: زادن (zādan)
            • Iranian Persian: زادن (zādan)
            • Tajik: зодан (zodan)
• *ǵn̥h₁-yé-tor (deponent ye-present)
  • Proto-Celtic: *ganyetor (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́aHyátay
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́aHyátay
      • Sanskrit: जायते (jā́yate)
      • Sanskrit: जायति (jāyati) (Epic)
        • Assamese: জগা (zoga)
• *ǵénh₁-ye-tor (deponent ye-present)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *géňňomai
    • Ancient Greek: γείνομαι (geínomai)
  • Indo-Iranian:
    • Sanskrit: जन्यते (janyate)
• *ǵí-ǵn̥h₁-e-ti (reduplicated thematic present)
  • Indo-Iranian:
    • Sanskrit:
      • (Vedic) Sanskrit: जीज॑नत् (jī́janat)
    • Iranian:
      • Avestan: 𐬰𐬍𐬰𐬀𐬥𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬌 (zīzanəṇti)
      • Pashto: زېږېدل (zēẓ̌ēdəl, “to be born”)
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: γίγνομαι (gígnomai)
  • Proto-Italic: *gignō
    • Latin: gignō
• *ǵn̥h₁-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)
  • Proto-Italic: *gnāskōr
    • Latin: gnāscor, nāscor
• *ǵonh₁-éh₂
  • Proto-Hellenic: *gonā́
    • Ancient Greek: γονή (gonḗ)
• *ǵénh₁-mn̥ ~ *ǵn̥h₁-mén-s (“seed, offspring”)
• *ǵónh₁-o-s
• *ǵénh₁-os ~ *ǵénh₁-es-os (“race, lineage”)
• *ǵénh₁-ti-s ~ *ǵn̥h₁-téy-s (“birth, production”)
• *ǵn̥h₁-tó-s (“produced, begotten”)
• *ǵénh₁-tōr ~ *ǵn̥h₁-tr-és (“parent”)
• *ǵénh₁-tr-ih₂ ~ *ǵénh₁-tr-yeh₂-es (“parent”)
• *ǵn̥h₁-yo-
  • Proto-Germanic: *kunją (“kin, family”)
    • Proto-Germanic: *kuningaz (“king”)
  • Italic:
    • Latin: genius
• *ǵn̥h₁-i-wo-
  • Italic:
    • Latin: naevus, Gnaeus
• *ǵenh₁-tl-eh₂
  • Old Armenian: ծնաւղ (cnawł, “parent”)
• *pro-ǵenh₁-ti-eh₂
  • Proto-Iranian: *frazanti- (“offspring, progeny”)
    • Central Iranian:
      • Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬥𐬙𐬌 (frazanti, “offspring, progeny”)
    • Northeastern Iranian:
      • Sogdo-Bacterian:
        • Bactrian: φροζινδο (frozindo, “descendant”), φοροζινδο (forozindo)
        • Sogdian: (/⁠fsāndē⁠/, “child”) (from *frazantaka)

          Sogdian script: [script needed] (βsʾntʾk), [script needed] (βsʾntk)

    • Southeastern Iranian:
      • Proto-Shughni-Roshani: [Term?] (“daughter”)
        • Sarikoli: [script needed] (rajen)
        • Shughni: [script needed] (rizīn)
          • Bartangi-Oroshori:
            • Bartangi: [script needed] (razen)
            • Oroshori: [script needed] (rizīn)
          • Roshani-Khufi:
            • Khufi: [script needed] (rizoen)
            • Roshani: [script needed] (rizēn)
    • Northwestern Iranian:
      • Parthian: (/⁠frazand⁠/, “child, son”)

        Parthian: [script needed] (frzynd)

    • Southwestern Iranian:
      • Middle Persian: (/⁠frazand⁠/, “child, son”)

        Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (prznd), [script needed] (prẕnd)

        Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (frzynd), [script needed] (przynd)

        • Classical Persian: فرزند (farzand)
          • Dari: فرزند (farzand)
          • Iranian Persian: فرزند (farzand)
          • Tajik: фарзанд (farzand)
          • → Pashto: فرزند (farzánd, “(poetry) son; child”)
• Unsorted formations:
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: -γνητός (-gnētós), γνωτός (gnōtós, “kinsman”)
    • Ancient Greek: γέννα (génna, “descent, origin, race, genus; birth”)
  • Indo-Iranian:
    • Indian:
      • • Sanskrit: जनी (jánī)
    • Iranian: