Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wiljaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From the optative of *wḗlh₁-ti ~ *wélh₁-n̥ti, Narten present from *welh₁- (“to choose, to want”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈwil.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*wiljaną

1. to want

Inflection

Only subjunctive forms exist in the present tense. The past tense is declined as a suffixless weak verb.

Conjugation of *wiljaną (irregular, defective)

	active voice				passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	—	*wiljų	—		—	—
2nd singular	—	*wilīz	—		—	—
3rd singular	—	*wilī	—		—	—
1st dual	—	*wilīw	—		—	—
2nd dual	—	*wilīdiz	—		—	—
1st plural	—	*wilīm	—		—	—
2nd plural	—	*wilīd	—		—	—
3rd plural	—	*wilīn	—		—	—
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*weldǭ	*weldēdį̄
2nd singular	*weldēz	*weldēdīz
3rd singular	*weldē	*weldēdī
1st dual	*weldēdū	*weldēdīw
2nd dual	*weldēdudiz	*weldēdīdiz
1st plural	*weldēdum	*weldēdīm
2nd plural	*weldēdud	*weldēdīd
3rd plural	*weldēdun	*weldēdīn
	present	past
participles	*wiljandz	—

Alternative reconstructions

• *weljaną

Derived terms

• *waljaną
• *wiljô

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *willjan
  • Old English: willan, wyllan
    • Middle English: willen, wil, wille, wilen, welin, wole, wolle, willian, wullen (early southwest Midlands)
      • English: will
      • Scots: will, wil
      • Yola: woul, wull, weel, well, will, ill
  • Old Frisian: willa, wella
    • North Frisian:

      Föhr-Amrum, Sylt: wel

      Mooring: wale

    • Saterland Frisian: wolle
    • West Frisian: wolle
  • Old Saxon: willian
    • Middle Low German: willen, wellen
      • Low German: wüllen
  • Old Dutch: willen
    • Middle Dutch: willen
      • Dutch: willen
        • Afrikaans: wil
        • Negerhollands: wil, wel
        • Skepi Creole Dutch: wel, well, will
      • Limburgish: wille
  • Old High German: wellen, willen, wollen, wollen (conflated with *waljaną)
    • Middle High German: wellen, wollen, wöllen, wullen, willen
      • Alemannic German: welle, wella, wölla
        • Swabian: wella
      • Bavarian: woian
        • Apetlonerisch: walln
        • Cimbrian: bölln, béllan (Sette Comuni)
      • Central Franconian: welle (< willen)
        • Hunsrik: wolle
        • Luxembourgish: wëllen
      • Central Franconian: wolle (recent, German-influenced)
      • German: wollen
      • Rhine Franconian:
        • Pennsylvania German: wolle
      • Yiddish: וועלן (veln), וועל (vel)
• Old Norse: vilja
  • Icelandic: vilja
  • Faroese: vilja
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: vilja (“to want to; will (auxiliary)”)
  • Jamtish: vili
  • Elfdalian: wila
  • Old Swedish: vilia
    • Swedish: vilja
  • Old Danish: wiliæ, willæ
    • Danish: ville (“to want; will (auxiliary)”)
      • Norwegian Bokmål: ville
    • Scanian: villa
  • Old Gutnish: wilia
    • Gutnish: ville, vila
• Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (wiljan)