User:Tropylium/Proto-Ugric

Sound correspondendes

Consonants

• C- indicates consonants in word-initial position.
• -C- indicates consonants in original intervocalic position (in the modern Ugric languages now often word-final).

Single consonants

Proto-Uralic	Proto-Ugric?	Hungarian	example	Proto-Mansi	†South	North	Proto-Khanty	Vasyugan	Kazym
*p		f- -v-	fazék téved	*p	p		*p	p- -w-	p
*t		t- -z-	tél fazék	*t	t, ť 4	t	*t	t
*k-	*[k]- 1	k-	kéz	*[k]- *kʷ-	k kʷ		*[k]-	k
	*[q]- 2	h-	hal	*[q]-	q	χ	*[q]-	q	χ
*-k-	*-ɣ-	∅, -v-	néz	*-ɣ-, *-w-	-w-	-ɣ-, -w-	*-ɣ-	-ɣ-	-χ-, -w-
*-x-			tó
*č		s	kés	*š	ʃ	s	*č̣ [ʈʂ]	ʈʂ	ʃ
*ć		cs	csillog	*ć	tɕ	ɕ	*ć	ť 4	ɕ
*s	? *s / *θ / *ɬ (= *s₁)	∅	ín	*t	t, ť 4	t	*ɬ	j- -l-	ɬ
*š			egér
*ś	? *ś / *s (= *s₂)	sz	szárad	*s	s		*s	s
(*š́) 3	*š?		szëm	*š	ʃ	s
*m		m, v	mell	*m	m		*m	m
*n		n	név	*n	n, ń 4	n	*n	n
(*ṇ) 3		ny	könyök				*ɳ	ɳ
*ń		ny	nyíl	*ń	ń 4		*ń	ń 4
*ŋ	*ŋ	j, v	avat	*ŋ, *w	ŋ, w		*ŋ	ŋ
	*ŋk	g	jég	*ŋk	ŋ, ŋk	ŋk, ŋχ	*ŋk	ŋk, ŋq	ŋk, ŋχ
*r		r	rëpül	*r	r		*r	r
*l		l, ly	lágy	*l	l, ľ 4	l	*l, *ɭ	l, ɭ	ɬ, ɭ
*d	? *ð / *ɬ	l	fal				*ɬ	l	ɬ
(*ľ) 3		ly	hályog	*ľ	ľ4		*ľ	ľ 4	ɬ´4
*ď	? *ðʲ / *lʲ / *ɬʲ	j, gy	hagy				*j	j
*j		j	jut	*j	j		*j	j
*w		v	vaj	*w	w		*w- *-ɣ-	w-

Notes

1. Before front vowels.
2. Before back vowels.
3. Not accepted as originally separate phonemes by all scholars. Possibly instead conditional splits *s > *š in Mansi, *n > *ɳ in Khanty.
4. Descriptions are inconsistent/unclear on if the consonants written in Finno-Ugric transcription as ‹ť›, ‹ń›, ‹ľ›, ‹ᴧ́› are palatal consonants [c], [ɲ], [ʎ], [ʎ̥˔] or palatalized consonants [tʲ], [nʲ], [lʲ], [ɬʲ].

Homorganic consonant clusters (incl. geminates)

Proto-Uralic	Proto-Ugric?	Hungarian	example	Proto-Mansi	Proto-Khanty
*pp		p	apa	*p	*p
*tt		t	öt	*t	*t
*kk		k	fék	*[k], *[q] *kʷ	*[k], *[q]
*čč	*čč?	?		*š	*č̣
*ćć	*ćć?	?		*ć	*ć
*mp		b	hab	*mp	*mp
*nt		d	had	*nt	*nt
*ŋk		g	hág	*ŋk	*ŋk
*nč		r	köröm	*nč	*ɳč̣
*ńć		gy, ngy	húgy	*ńć	*ńć, *s
? *lt		lt	táltos	*lt	*lt
? *rt		rt	dial. mart	*rt	*rt

Heterorganic consonant clusters

Proto-Uralic	Proto-Ugric?	Hungarian	example	Proto-Mansi	Proto-Khanty
*pt		t	hét	*t	*pət
*kt	? *kt / *ɣt	t	jut	*kt	*ɣət
*mt		d	tud	*nt	*nt, *mət
*ŋt		ld	oldal	*ńt, *wt	*ŋət
*tk	? *tk / *kt / *ɣt	t	tat	*t, *kt	*ɣət
*čk		sk	esküszik	*-šəɣ, *-šɣ-	*čək
*sk, *šk	? *s₁k / *ks₁ / *ɣs₁	?	(*soske-)	*ɣt, *wt, *jt	*ɣəɬ
*śk	? *s₂k / *ks₂ / *ɣs₂	s	vas	*s, *š	? *ɣ
*dk, *ďk	? *d₂ / *d₂ɣ / *ɣd₂	gy, lgy	tőgy hölgy	*ľ	*j
*lk	? *lɣ / *ɣl	l, ll	mell	*ɣl, *wl	*ɣəl
*rk	*rɣ	r, rr	varr	*-rəɣ, *-rɣ-	*rəɣ
*ps	*ps₁	?	(*küpsɜ)	*t	*pəɬ
*pś	*ps₂	?	(*sopśe)	*s	*pəs
*ks, *kš	? *ks₁ / *ɣs₁	∅, h	máj méh	*ɣt, *wt, *jt	*ɣəɬ, ? ɣ
*kś	? *ks₂ / *ɣs₂	sz	ősz	*ks, *ɣs, *ws	*ɣəs
*ws	? *ws₁ / *ɣs₁	?	(*kowse)	*wt	*ɬ
*lj	? *lj / *ľ	gy, ly, l	négy	*ľ	*l
*lw	? *lw / *lɣ / *l	l	tél	*l	*l(əɣ)

Vowels

The following table gives Proto-Ugric reconstructions according to the most distinctive system available (by Sammallahti).

Proto-Uralic	Proto-Ugric?	Hungarian	example	Proto-Mansi	†South	North	Proto-Khanty	Vasyugan	Kazym
*a-a	? *a-a  ? *o-a	a	fazék	*uu	oː	uː	*
*a-ə	*	a o(lT)	hal holt	*			*oo *a	o(ː) ʌ	ɵː o
*o-a	? *a-a  ? *o-a	á	ház	*aa	ɑː	ɔː	*aa	ɑ(ː)	ɔː
*o-ə	*	u ú	[Term?]	*			*
*ë-a	*ë-a	a á o(lT)	al- máj nyolc	*e̮e̮	ʌː, eːĆ	aː	*i̮i̮	ɯ(ː)	i, eːŋχ
*ë-ə	*ë-ə	i í	[Term?] nyíl				*aa	(as above)
*ä-V	*ä-V	e é	[Term?] [Term?]	*ää	æː	aː	*ee	e(ː)	eː
–	? *ä-∅	ë	[Term?] ëb				*ää	æ(ː)	aː
*e-ä	*	é	fészek	*			*
*e-ə	*		[Term?]	*i	æ, i	i	*e	ɪ	a, iĆ
*u-a	*ʊ-a	†u > o	[Term?]	*a(Cʷ)	ɑ, o	o	*oo *o	o(ː) ʊ	ɵː a, oCʷ
*ü-ä	*ʏ-ä	†ü > ö	[Term?] [Term?]	*ä *äCʷ	æ üCʷ	a oCʷ	*ö	ʏ	a uCʷ
*i-ä	*ɪ-ä	†i > ë	[Term?] fëlleg	*ä	æ, iĆ	a	*ee *e	e(ː) ɪ	eː a
*	*		[Term?]	*			*