celer

See also: Celer and céler

Czech

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈt͡sɛlɛr/

Noun

celer m

1. celery

Declension

Declension

	singular	plural
nominative	celer	celery
genitive	celeru	celerů
dative	celeru	celerům
accusative	celer	celery
vocative	celere	celery
locative	celeru	celerech
instrumental	celerem	celery

Further reading

• celer in Příruční slovník jazyka českého, 1935–1957
• celer in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého, 1960–1971, 1989

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French

Etymology

From Old French, from Latin cēlāre, present active infinitive of cēlō (“hide, conceal”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sə.le/

Verb

celer

1. (transitive, literary) to conceal, hide

   Synonym: cacher

   • 1640, Pierre Corneille, “Act I, Scene I”, in Horace:

     Elle vous aime assez pour ne vous rien celer

     She likes you enough that she will conceal nothing from you

Conjugation

This verb is conjugated mostly like the regular -er verbs (parler and chanter and so on), but the -e- /ə/ of the second-to-last syllable becomes -è- /ɛ/ when the next vowel is a silent or schwa -e-. For example, in the third-person singular present indicative, we have il cèle rather than *il cele. Other verbs conjugated this way include lever and mener. Related but distinct conjugations include those of appeler and préférer.

Conjugation of celer (see also Appendix:French verbs)

infinitive	simple	celer
	compound	avoir + past participle
present participle or gerund1	simple	celant /sə.lɑ̃/
	compound	ayant + past participle
past participle		celé /sə.le/
		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		je (j’)	tu	il, elle	nous	vous	ils, elles
(simple tenses)	present	cèle /sɛl/	cèles /sɛl/	cèle /sɛl/	celons /sə.lɔ̃/	celez /sə.le/	cèlent /sɛl/
	imperfect	celais /sə.lɛ/	celais /sə.lɛ/	celait /sə.lɛ/	celions /sə.ljɔ̃/	celiez /sə.lje/	celaient /sə.lɛ/
	past historic2	celai /sə.le/	celas /sə.la/	cela /sə.la/	celâmes /sə.lam/	celâtes /sə.lat/	celèrent /sə.lɛʁ/
	future	cèlerai /sɛl.ʁe/	cèleras /sɛl.ʁa/	cèlera /sɛl.ʁa/	cèlerons /sɛl.ʁɔ̃/	cèlerez /sɛl.ʁe/	cèleront /sɛl.ʁɔ̃/
	conditional	cèlerais /sɛl.ʁɛ/	cèlerais /sɛl.ʁɛ/	cèlerait /sɛl.ʁɛ/	cèlerions /sɛ.lə.ʁjɔ̃/	cèleriez /sɛ.lə.ʁje/	cèleraient /sɛl.ʁɛ/
(compound tenses)	present perfect	present indicative of avoir + past participle
	pluperfect	imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle
	past anterior2	past historic of avoir + past participle
	future perfect	future of avoir + past participle
	conditional perfect	conditional of avoir + past participle
subjunctive		que je (j’)	que tu	qu’il, qu’elle	que nous	que vous	qu’ils, qu’elles
(simple tenses)	present	cèle /sɛl/	cèles /sɛl/	cèle /sɛl/	celions /sə.ljɔ̃/	celiez /sə.lje/	cèlent /sɛl/
	imperfect2	celasse /sə.las/	celasses /sə.las/	celât /sə.la/	celassions /sə.la.sjɔ̃/	celassiez /sə.la.sje/	celassent /sə.las/
(compound tenses)	past	present subjunctive of avoir + past participle
	pluperfect2	imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle
imperative		–	tu	–	nous	vous	–
simple		—	cèle /sɛl/	—	celons /sə.lɔ̃/	celez /sə.le/	—
compound		—	simple imperative of avoir + past participle	—	simple imperative of avoir + past participle	simple imperative of avoir + past participle	—
1 The French gerund is only usable with the preposition en.
2 In less formal writing or speech, the past historic, past anterior, imperfect subjunctive and pluperfect subjunctive tenses may be found to have been replaced with the indicative present perfect, indicative pluperfect, present subjunctive and past subjunctive tenses respectively (Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81).

Further reading

• “celer” in Trésor de la langue française informatisé (The Digitized Treasury of the French Language).

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Latin

Etymology

From cellō, from Proto-Indo-European *kel-. Probably cognate with Ancient Greek κέλλω (kéllō).

This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈke.ler/, [ˈkɛ.ɫ̪ɛr]
• (Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈt͡ʃe.ler/, [ˈt͡ʃɛː.lɛr]

Adjective

celer (feminine celeris, neuter celere, comparative celerior, superlative celerrimus, adverb celeriter); third-declension three-termination adjective

1. fast, swift, quick, speedy, fleet

   Synonyms: rapidus, vēlōx

   Antonym: lentus

Declension

Third-declension three-termination adjective.

Number	Singular				Plural
Case / Gender	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	celer	celeris	celere		celerēs		celeria
Genitive	celeris				celerium
Dative	celerī				celeribus
Accusative	celerem		celere		celerēs		celeria
Ablative	celerī				celeribus
Vocative	celer	celeris	celere		celerēs		celeria

Usage notes

According to Döderlein, celer and citus mean "swift, fast, quick" in terms of quick motion (in general) with tardus as their antonym. More specifically, citus refers to a lively motion, whereas celer refers to an eager or impetuous motion.

On the other hand, vēlōx and pernīx as "quick" denote a level of athletic nimbleness in terms of bodily activity, with lentus as their antonym. More specifically, pernīx involves a level of dexterity and quickness in an eclectic range of actions (such as climbing, hurdling, jumping, vaulting, etc.); whereas vēlōx is especially used for running, swimming and flying (moving in a direction)

Thirdly, properus and festīnus as "quick" refer specifically to one's speed in terms of the shortest time to reach a desitnation, with sēgnis as their antonym. More specifically, festīnus intimates a certain level of impatience, whereas properus simply indicates a haste from energy simply.

Derived terms

• celerātim
• celeripēs
• celeritās
• celeriter
• celeritūdō
• celeriusculē
• celerō
• perceler
• praeceler

 

Related terms

• celōx

Descendants

• Portuguese: célere
• Spanish: célere
• Italian: celere
• English: celerity

References

• celer in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• celer in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• celer in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire Illustré Latin-Français, Hachette
• celer in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898) Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
• celer in William Smith, editor (1848) A Dictionary of Greek Biography and Mythology, London: John Murray

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Middle French

Verb

celer

1. to hide

Conjugation

• Middle French conjugation varies from one text to another. Hence, the following conjugation should be considered as typical, not as exhaustive.

Conjugation of celer

infinitive	simple	celer
	compound	avoir + past participle
present participle1 or gerund2	simple	celant
	compound	present participle or gerund of avoir + past participle
past participle		celé
		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		ie (i’)	tu	il, elle	nous	vous	ilz, elles
(simple tenses)	present	cele	celes	cele	celons	celez	celent
	imperfect	celois, celoys	celois, celoys	celoit, celoyt	celions, celyons	celiez, celyez	celoient, celoyent
	past historic	cela	celas	cela	celasmes	celastes	celerent
	future	celerai, celeray	celeras	celera	celerons	celerez	celeront
	conditional	celerois, celeroys	celerois, celeroys	celeroit, celeroyt	celerions, celeryons	celeriez, celeryez	celeroient, celeroyent
(compound tenses)	present perfect	present indicative of avoir + past participle
	pluperfect	imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle
	past anterior	past historic of avoir + past participle
	future perfect	future of avoir + past participle
	conditional perfect	conditional of avoir + past participle
subjunctive		que ie (i’)	que tu	qu’il, qu’elle	que nous	que vous	qu’ilz, qu’elles
(simple tenses)	present	cele	celes	cele	celons	celez	celent
	imperfect	celasse	celasses	celast	celassions	celassiez	celassent
(compound tenses)	past	present subjunctive of avoir + past participle
	pluperfect	imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle
imperative		–	tu	–	nous	vous	–
simple		—	cele	—	celons	celez	—
compound		—	simple imperative of avoir + past participle	—	simple imperative of avoir + past participle	simple imperative of avoir + past participle	—
1 The present participle was variable in gender and number until the 17th century (Anne Sancier-Château [1995], Une esthétique nouvelle: Honoré d'Urfé, correcteur de l'Astrée, p. 179). The French Academy would eventually declare it not to be declined in 1679.
2 The gerund was held to be invariable by grammarians of the early 17th century, and was usable with preposition en, as in Modern French, although the preposition was not mandatory (Anne Sancier-Château [1995], op. cit., p. 180).

Descendants

• French: celer

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Old French

Etymology

From Latin cēlāre, present active infinitive of cēlō (“hide, conceal”).

Verb

celer

1. to conceal
   • circa 1170, Chrétien de Troyes, Érec et Énide:

     Mes dites moi, nel me celez

     But tell me, do not hide it from me

Conjugation

This verb conjugates as a first-group verb ending in -er. The forms that would normally end in *-oils, *-oilt are modified to ouz, out. This verb has a stressed present stem çoil distinct from the unstressed stem cel. Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.

    Conjugation of celer (see also Appendix:Old French verbs)

		simple			compound
infinitive		celer			avoir celé
gerund		en celant			Use the gerund of avoir followed by the past participle
present participle		celant
past participle		celé
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		jo	tu	il	nos	vos	il
simple tenses	present	çoil	çoiles	çoile	celons	celez	çoilent
	imperfect	celoie, celeie, celoe, celeve	celoies, celeies, celoes, celeves	celoit, celeit, celot, celeve	celiiens, celiens	celiiez, celiez	celoient, celeient, celoent, celevent
	preterite	celai	celas	cela	celames	celastes	celerent
	future	celerai	celeras	celera	celerons	celeroiz, celereiz, celerez	celeront
	conditional	celeroie, celereie	celeroies, celereies	celeroit, celereit	celeriiens, celeriens	celeriiez, celeriez	celeroient, celereient
compound tenses	present perfect	Use the present tense of avoir followed by the past participle
	pluperfect	Use the imperfect tense of avoir followed by the past participle
	past anterior	Use the preterite tense of avoir followed by the past participle
	future perfect	Use the future tense of avoir followed by the past participle
	conditional perfect	Use the conditional tense of avoir followed by the past participle
subjunctive		que jo	que tu	qu’il	que nos	que vos	qu’il
simple tenses	present	çoil	çouz	çout	celons	celez	çoilent
	imperfect	celasse	celasses	celast	celissons, celissiens	celissoiz, celissez, celissiez	celassent
compound tenses	past	Use the present subjunctive of avoir followed by the past participle
	pluperfect	Use the imperfect subjunctive of avoir followed by the past participle
imperative		–	tu	–	nos	vos	–
		—	çoile	—	celons	celez	—

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Serbo-Croatian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /t͡sêler/
• Hyphenation: ce‧ler

Noun

cȅler m (Cyrillic spelling це̏лер)

1. celery

Declension

Declension of celer

	singular	plural
nominative	celer	celeri
genitive	celera	celera
dative	celeru	celerima
accusative	celer	celere
vocative	celeru	celeri
locative	celeru	celerima
instrumental	celerom	celerima