esan

See also: Esan and ẹsan

Basque

Alternative forms

erran (Northern)

Etymology

Unknown, the variant erran seems to point to an original form with an alien cluster with two different outcomes such as *esran. The synthetic forms belong to an unrelated verb with the stem -io-. Since this verb lacks non-finite forms, its forms are often given as the synthetic conjugation of esan and erran.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /es̺an/ [e.s̺ãn]
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -es̺an, -an
Hyphenation: e‧san

Verb

esan du/dio (imperfect participle esaten, future participle esango, short form esan, verbal noun esate) (Southern)

(du) to say, tell
(dio) to call, to name

Usage notes

Some of the synthetic forms are archaic, so in normal speech their periphrastic equivalents are typically used instead. For example, instead of

Zer ziotsun? ― What did he/she tell you?

the periphrastic form

Zer esan zizun? ― What did he/she tell you?

is more commonly used.

Conjugation

Conjugation of *esan/erran* (NOR-NORK paradigm)
Expand all forms		1st sg	2nd sg fam.	3rd sg	1st pl	2nd sg	2nd pl	3rd pl
Expand all forms		NORK (ergative)							NOR (absolutive)
Mood / Tense		nik	hik	hark	guk	zuk	zuek	haiek
Indicative	Indicative
		Present	―	―	―	―	―	―	―	ni	1st sg
			―	―	―	―	―	―	―	hi	2nd sg fam.
			Present	diot	diok/n	dio	diogu	diozu	diozue	diote	hura	3rd sg
			―	―	―	―	―	―	―	gu	1st pl
			―	―	―	―	―	―	―	zu	2nd sg
―			―	―	―	―	―	―	zuek	2nd pl
―			―	―	―	―	―	―	haiek	3rd pl
Past		―	―	―	―	―	―	―	ni	1st sg
		―	―	―	―	―	―	―	hi	2nd sg fam.
		Past	nioen	hioen	zioen	genioen	zenioen	zenioten	zioten	hura	3rd sg
		―	―	―	―	―	―	―	gu	1st pl
		―	―	―	―	―	―	―	zu	2nd sg
		―	―	―	―	―	―	―	zuek	2nd pl
		―	―	―	―	―	―	―	haiek	3rd pl
Conditional		―	―	―	―	―	―	―	ni	1st sg
		―	―	―	―	―	―	―	hi	2nd sg fam.
		Conditional	banerra	baherra	balerra	bagenerra	bazenerra	bazenerrate	balerrate	hura	3rd sg
		―	―	―	―	―	―	―	gu	1st pl
		―	―	―	―	―	―	―	zu	2nd sg
		―	―	―	―	―	―	―	zuek	2nd pl
		―	―	―	―	―	―	―	haiek	3rd pl
Hypothetic cons.		―	―	―	―	―	―	―	ni	1st sg
		―	―	―	―	―	―	―	hi	2nd sg fam.
		Hypothetic cons.	nerrake	herrake	lerrake	generrake	zenerrake	zenerrakete	lerrakete	hura	3rd sg
		―	―	―	―	―	―	―	gu	1st pl
		―	―	―	―	―	―	―	zu	2nd sg
		―	―	―	―	―	―	―	zuek	2nd pl
		―	―	―	―	―	―	―	haiek	3rd pl
Past cons.		―
Potential	Potential
		Present	―
		Hypothetic	―
		Past	―
Subjunctive	Subjunctive
		Present	―
		Past	―
Imperative	Imperative
Imperative		Present	―	―	―	―	―	―	―	ni	1st sg
―			―	―	―	―	―	―	hi	2nd sg fam.
Present			―	esak/n errak/n	berra bio	―	esazu errazu	esazue errazue	berrate biote	hura	3rd sg
―			―	―	―	―	―	―	gu	1st pl
―			―	―	―	―	―	―	zu	2nd sg
―			―	―	―	―	―	―	zuek	2nd pl
―			―	―	―	―	―	―	haiek	3rd pl

Conjugation of *esan/erran* (NOR-NORK allocutive paradigm)
Expand all forms		1st sg	3rd sg	1st pl	3rd pl
Expand all forms		NORK (ergative)				NOR (absolutive)
Mood / Tense		nik	hark	guk	haiek
Indicative	Indicative
		Present	―	―	―	―	ni	1st sg
			Present	zioat/nat	ziok/na	zioagu/nagu	ziotek/n	hura	3rd sg
			―	―	―	―	gu	1st pl
			―	―	―	―	haiek	3rd pl
Past		―	―	―	―	ni	1st sg
		Past	nioan/nan	zioan/nan	genioan/nan	ziotean/nan	hura	3rd sg
		―	―	―	―	gu	1st pl
		―	―	―	―	haiek	3rd pl
Hypothetic cons.		―	―	―	―	ni	1st sg
		Hypothetic cons.	nerrakek/n	lerrakek/n	generrakek/n	lerraketek/n	hura	3rd sg
		―	―	―	―	gu	1st pl
		―	―	―	―	haiek	3rd pl
Past cons.		―
Potential	Potential
Potential	Potential	Present	―

Conjugation of *esan/erran* (NOR-NORI-NORK paradigm)
Expand all forms		1st sg	2nd sg fam.	3rd sg	1st pl	2nd sg	2nd pl	3rd pl
Expand all forms		NORK (ergative)							NORI (dative)
Mood / Tense		nik	hik	hark	guk	zuk	zuek	haiek
Indicative	Indicative
		Present	―	diostak/n	diost	―	diostazu	diostazue	diostate	niri	1st sg
			―	―	―	―	―	―	―	niri	1st sg
			diosat/nat	―	diosk/na	diosagu/nagu	―	―	diosate/nate	hiri	2nd sg fam.
			―	―	―	―	―	―	―	hiri	2nd sg fam.
			Present	diotsot diotsat	diotsok/n diotsak/n	diotso diotsa	diotsogu diotsagu	diotsozu diotsazu	diotsozue diotsazue	diotsote diotsate	hari	hari	3rd sg	3rd sg
―			―	―	―	―	―	―			hari		3rd sg
―			dioskuk/n	diosku	―	dioskuzu	dioskuzue	dioskute	guri	1st pl
―			―	―	―	―	―	―	guri	1st pl
diotsut			―	diotsu	diotsugu	―	―	diotsute	zuri	2nd sg
―			―	―	―	―	―	―	zuri	2nd sg
diotsuet			―	diotsue	diotsuegu	―	―	diotsuete	zuei	2nd pl
―			―	―	―	―	―	―	zuei	2nd pl
diotset			diotsek/n	diotse	diotsegu	diotsezu	diotsezue	diotsete	haiei	3rd pl
―			―	―	―	―	―	―	haiei	3rd pl
Past		―	hiostan	ziostan	―	zeniostan	zeniostaten	ziostaten	niri	1st sg
		―	―	―	―	―	―	―	niri	1st sg
		niosan/nan	―	ziosan/nan	geniosan/nan	―	―	ziosaten/naten	hiri	2nd sg fam.
		―	―	―	―	―	―	―	hiri	2nd sg fam.
		Past	niotson niotsan	hiotson hiotsan	ziotson ziotsan	geniotson geniotsan	zeniotson zeniotsan	zeniotsoten zeniotsaten	ziotsoten ziotsaten	hari	hari	3rd sg	3rd sg
		―	―	―	―	―	―	―		hari		3rd sg
		―	hioskun	zioskun	―	zenioskun	zenioskuten	zioskuten	guri	1st pl
		―	―	―	―	―	―	―	guri	1st pl
		niotsun	―	ziotsun	geniotsun	―	―	ziotsuten	zuri	2nd sg
		―	―	―	―	―	―	―	zuri	2nd sg
		niotsuen	―	ziotsuen	geniotsuen	―	―	ziotsueten	zuei	2nd pl
		―	―	―	―	―	―	―	zuei	2nd pl
		niotsen	hiotsen	ziotsen	geniotsen	zeniotsen	zeniotseten	ziotseten	haiei	3rd pl
		―	―	―	―	―	―	―	haiei	3rd pl
Conditional		―
Hypothetic cons.		―
Past cons.		―
Potential	Potential
		Present	―
		Hypothetic	―
		Past	―
Subjunctive	Subjunctive
		Present	―
		Past	―
Imperative	Imperative
Imperative		Present	―	esadak/n erradak/n	biost	―	esadazu erradazu	esadazue erradazue	biostate	niri	1st sg
―			―	―	―	―	―	―		niri	1st sg
―			―	biosk/na	―	―	―	biosate/nate	hiri	2nd sg fam.
―			―	―	―	―	―	―	hiri	2nd sg fam.
Present			―	esaiok/n erraiok/n	biotso biotsa	―	esaiozu erraiozu	esaiozue erraiozue	biotsote biotsate	hari	hari	3rd sg	3rd sg
―			―	―	―	―	―	―		hari		3rd sg
―			esaguk/n erraguk/n	biosku	―	esaguzu erraguzu	esaguzue erraguzue	bioskute	guri	1st pl
―			―	―	―	―	―	―	guri	1st pl
―			―	biotsu	―	―	―	biotsute	zuri	2nd sg
―			―	―	―	―	―	―	zuri	2nd sg
―			―	biotsue	―	―	―	biotsuete	zuei	2nd pl
―			―	―	―	―	―	―	zuei	2nd pl
―			esaiek/n erraiek/n	biotse	―	esaiezu erraiezu	esaiezue erraiezue	biotsete	haiei	3rd pl
―			―	―	―	―	―	―	haiei	3rd pl

Conjugation of *esan/erran* (NOR-NORI-NORK allocutive paradigm)
Expand all forms		1st sg	3rd sg	1st pl	3rd pl
Expand all forms		NORK (ergative)				NORI (dative)
Mood / Tense		nik	hark	guk	haiek
Indicative	Indicative
		Present	―	ziostak/n	―	ziostatek/n	niri	1st sg
			―	―	―	―	niri	1st sg
			Present	ziotsoat/nat ziotsaat/nat	ziotsok/n ziotsak/n	ziotsoagu/nagu ziotsaagu/nagu	ziotsotek/n ziotsatek/n	hari	hari	3rd sg	3rd sg
			―	―	―	―		hari		3rd sg
―			zioskuk/n	―	zioskutek/n	guri	1st pl
―			―	―	―	guri	1st pl
ziotseat/nat			ziotsek/n	ziotseagu/nagu	ziotsetek/n	haiei	3rd pl
―			―	―	―	haiei	3rd pl
Past		―	ziostaan/nan	―	ziostatean/nan	niri	1st sg
		―	―	―	―	niri	1st sg
		Past	niotsoan/nan niotsaan/nan	ziotsoan/nan ziotsaan/nan	geniotsoan/nan geniotsaan/nan	ziotsotean/nan ziotsatean/nan	hari	hari	3rd sg	3rd sg
		―	―	―	―		hari		3rd sg
		―	zioskuan/nan	―	zioskutean/nan	guri	1st pl
		―	―	―	―	guri	1st pl
		niotsean/nan	ziotsean/nan	geniotsean/nan	ziotsetean/nan	haiei	3rd pl
		―	―	―	―	haiei	3rd pl
Hypothetic cons.		―
Past cons.		―
Potential	Potential
Potential	Potential	Present	―

Derived terms

esaera (“saying”)
esaera zahar (“proverb”)
esaka
esakune
esakuntza
esaldi (“sentence”)
esale
esamesa
esamesaka
esamolde
esan beharrik ez
esan bezala (“as previously mentioned”)
esan eta egin
esan eta esan
esan gabe doa (“it goes without saying”)
esanahi (“meaning”)
esanahitsu (“meaningful”)
esanarazi
esanaren esanaz
esanbide
esanbidez
esanbidezko
esaneko (“obedient”)
esanekotasun
esanen
esanezin
esangaitz
esangin
esangura (“meaning”)
esanguratsu (“meaningful”)
esankizun
esapide
esatari (“news anchor”)
esate
esate batera
esate baterako (“for example”)
esateke (“without saying”)
esateko
esateko moduan
esaterako (“for example”)

Nupe

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ē.sã̄/

Noun

esan

salt
A lá esan kún. ― They have sold the salt.

Derived terms

èdùkósan (“ocean”)
èdùsan (“ocean, sea”)

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /è.sã́/

Noun

èsán (plural èsánzhì)

bird's nest

Romansh

Alternative forms

asen (Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan, Sutsilvan)
asan (Surmiran, Vallader)

Etymology

Etymology tree

Latin asinus

Romansh esan

Inherited from Latin asinus.

Noun

esan m (plural esans)

(Puter) (male) donkey, ass

Coordinate terms

(sex): esna

Scottish Gaelic

Etymology

From Old Irish ésom. Cognates include Irish eisean and Manx eshyn.

Pronunciation

(Lewis) IPA^(key): /ˈaʃɪɲ/^[1] (corresponding to the form eisein)
(Harris, Skye) IPA^(key): /ˈæʃən/^[2]^[3], /ˈæʃɪn/^[4] (corresponding to the form eisean)
(Uist, Barra) IPA^(key): /ˈes̪ən̪ˠ/^[2]^[5]
(Wester Ross) IPA^(key): /ˈɛʃə/^[6] (corresponding to the form eise)
(Mackay Country) IPA^(key): /eːʃ/^[7] (corresponding to the form èise)

Pronoun

esan

(emphatic) he, him, it

References

^ Oftedal, M. (1956), A linguistic survey of the Gaelic dialects of Scotland, Vol. III: The Gaelic of Leurbost, Isle of Lewis, Oslo: Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Borgstrøm, Carl Hj. (1940), A linguistic survey of the Gaelic dialects of Scotland, Vol. I: The dialects of the Outer Hebrides, Oslo: Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap
^ Rev. C. M. Robertson (1902), “Skye Gaelic”, in Transactions of the Gaelic Society of Inverness, Volume XXIII: 1898-99‎^[1], Gaelic Society of Inverness, pages 54-88
^ Borgstrøm, Carl Hj. (1941), A linguistic survey of the Gaelic dialects of Scotland, Vol. II: The dialects of Skye and Ross-shire, Oslo: Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap, page 52
^ Borgstrøm, Carl Hj. (1937), The dialect of Barra in the Outer Hebrides, Oslo: Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap
^ Wentworth, Roy (2003), Gaelic Words and Phrases From Wester Ross / Faclan is Abairtean à Ros an Iar, Inverness: CLÀR, →ISBN
^ Grannd, Seumas (2013), Gàidhlig Dhùthaich Mhic Aoidh: The Gaelic of the Mackay Country: dialect and vocabulary, Melness: Taigh na Gàidhlig Mhealanais, →ISBN

[1] Oftedal, M. (1956), A linguistic survey of the Gaelic dialects of Scotland, Vol. III: The Gaelic of Leurbost, Isle of Lewis, Oslo: Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap

[Borgstrom1940-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Borgstrøm, Carl Hj. (1940), A linguistic survey of the Gaelic dialects of Scotland, Vol. I: The dialects of the Outer Hebrides, Oslo: Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap

[3] Rev. C. M. Robertson (1902), “Skye Gaelic”, in Transactions of the Gaelic Society of Inverness, Volume XXIII: 1898-99‎^[1], Gaelic Society of Inverness, pages 54-88

[4] Borgstrøm, Carl Hj. (1941), A linguistic survey of the Gaelic dialects of Scotland, Vol. II: The dialects of Skye and Ross-shire, Oslo: Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap, page 52

[5] Borgstrøm, Carl Hj. (1937), The dialect of Barra in the Outer Hebrides, Oslo: Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap

[6] Wentworth, Roy (2003), Gaelic Words and Phrases From Wester Ross / Faclan is Abairtean à Ros an Iar, Inverness: CLÀR, →ISBN

[7] Grannd, Seumas (2013), Gàidhlig Dhùthaich Mhic Aoidh: The Gaelic of the Mackay Country: dialect and vocabulary, Melness: Taigh na Gàidhlig Mhealanais, →ISBN

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

		simple		emphatic
		singular	plural	singular	plural
first person		mi	sinn	mise	sinne
second person		thu, tu¹	sibh²	thusa, tusa¹	sibhse²
third person	m	e	iad	esan	iadsan
third person	f	i	iad	ise	iadsan

Basque

Alternative forms

Etymology

Pronunciation

Verb

Usage notes

Conjugation

Derived terms

Further reading

Nupe

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Noun

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Noun

Romansh

Alternative forms

Etymology

Noun

Coordinate terms

Scottish Gaelic

Etymology

Pronunciation

Pronoun

See also

References