müssen
Appearance
German
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Middle High German müeȥen, from Old High German muoȥan, from Proto-West Germanic *mōtan.
The preservation of the original diphthong is can still be seen in Bavarian muass, the first and third person singular present form of miassn.
See können for the origin of the historically unexpected umlaut.
Pronunciation
[edit]- IPA(key): /ˈmʏsən/, [ˈmʏsən], [ˈmʏsn̩] (Germany)
- IPA(key): /ˈmʏsɛn/, [ˈmʏsn̩] (Austria, Southern Germany, Switzerland)
Audio (Germany (Berlin)): (file) - Hyphenation: müs‧sen
Verb
[edit]müssen (preterite-present, third-person singular present muss, past tense musste, past participle gemusst, past subjunctive müsste, auxiliary haben)
- (auxiliary, with an infinitive → “müssen” replaces the past participle) to have to (do something); must; to be obliged (to do something); to need (to do something).
- Wir müssen es machen. ― We must do it.
- Wir haben es nicht machen müssen. ― We didn't need to do it.
- Ich musste es machen. ― I had to do it.
- (intransitive, with past participle “gemusst”) to have to do something implied; must; to be obliged.
- Ja, ich muss. ― Yes, I must.
- Ja, ich habe gemusst. ― Yes, I had to.
- (colloquial, euphemistic) to need to go to the bathroom.
- Ich muss mal. ― I have to go (to the bathroom).
Usage notes
[edit]- Müssen can express the necessity of doing something, but also the moral duty. Sollen expresses moral duty or the suggestion that something ought to be done. Both verbs can express a duty imposed by someone else. In this case müssen is stronger than sollen, implying that the imposing person has some kind of power to make the other really do it.
- As shown in the first line, the infinitive is used instead of the past participle in the compound tenses if the verb has a complement verb. The phenomenon is called double infinitive.
- Das hätten wir machen müssen.
- We should have done that.
- Das hätten wir machen müssen.
- In southern German and Austrian speech, the infinitive is often used instead of the past participle in any construction. Thus: ich habe nicht müssen for standard ich habe nicht gemusst.
- As shown in the example above, nicht müssen translates into English as “need not” rather than “must not”. For the English “must not”, use nicht dürfen.
- Before 1996, several of the conjugated forms of müssen were spelled with an ß (that is, muß, mußte, müßte, etc.). Since the spelling reform of 1996, however, the acceptable spelling is with ss.
Conjugation
[edit]Conjugation of müssen (preterite-present, auxiliary haben)
| infinitive | müssen | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present participle | müssend | ||||
| past participle | gemusst | ||||
| auxiliary | haben | ||||
| indicative | subjunctive | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | ||
| present | ich muss | wir müssen | i | ich müsse | wir müssen |
| du musst | ihr müsst | du müssest | ihr müsset | ||
| er muss | sie müssen | er müsse | sie müssen | ||
| preterite | ich musste | wir mussten | ii | ich müsste1 | wir müssten1 |
| du musstest | ihr musstet | du müsstest1 | ihr müsstet1 | ||
| er musste | sie mussten | er müsste1 | sie müssten1 | ||
| imperative | — | — | |||
1Preferred; avoid the alternative in würde.
Composed forms of müssen (preterite-present, auxiliary haben)
Derived terms
[edit]Further reading
[edit]Categories:
- German terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- German terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- German terms inherited from Middle High German
- German terms derived from Middle High German
- German terms inherited from Old High German
- German terms derived from Old High German
- German terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic
- German terms derived from Proto-West Germanic
- German 2-syllable words
- German terms with IPA pronunciation
- German terms with audio pronunciation
- German lemmas
- German verbs
- German preterite-present verbs
- German verbs using haben as auxiliary
- German auxiliary verbs
- German terms with usage examples
- German intransitive verbs
- German colloquialisms
- German euphemisms
- German modal verbs