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müssen

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: mussen and muessen

German

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Etymology

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From Middle High German müeȥen, from Old High German muoȥan, from Proto-West Germanic *mōtan.

The preservation of the original diphthong is can still be seen in Bavarian muass, the first and third person singular present form of miassn.

See können for the origin of the historically unexpected umlaut.

Pronunciation

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Verb

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müssen (preterite-present, third-person singular present muss, past tense musste, past participle gemusst, past subjunctive müsste, auxiliary haben)

  1. (auxiliary, with an infinitive → “müssen” replaces the past participle) to have to (do something); must; to be obliged (to do something); to need (to do something).
    Wir müssen es machen.We must do it.
    Wir haben es nicht machen müssen.We didn't need to do it.
    Ich musste es machen.I had to do it.
  2. (intransitive, with past participle “gemusst) to have to do something implied; must; to be obliged.
    Ja, ich muss.Yes, I must.
    Ja, ich habe gemusst.Yes, I had to.
  3. (colloquial, euphemistic) to need to go to the bathroom.
    Ich muss mal.I have to go (to the bathroom).

Usage notes

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  • Müssen can express the necessity of doing something, but also the moral duty. Sollen expresses moral duty or the suggestion that something ought to be done. Both verbs can express a duty imposed by someone else. In this case müssen is stronger than sollen, implying that the imposing person has some kind of power to make the other really do it.
  • As shown in the first line, the infinitive is used instead of the past participle in the compound tenses if the verb has a complement verb. The phenomenon is called double infinitive.
Das hätten wir machen müssen.
We should have done that.
  • In southern German and Austrian speech, the infinitive is often used instead of the past participle in any construction. Thus: ich habe nicht müssen for standard ich habe nicht gemusst.
  • As shown in the example above, nicht müssen translates into English as “need not” rather than “must not”. For the English “must not”, use nicht dürfen.
  • Before 1996, several of the conjugated forms of müssen were spelled with an ß (that is, muß, mußte, müßte, etc.). Since the spelling reform of 1996, however, the acceptable spelling is with ss.

Conjugation

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Derived terms

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Further reading

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  • müssen”, in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache[1] (in German)
  • müssen” in Uni Leipzig: Wortschatz-Lexikon
  • müssen” in Duden online
  • müssen” in OpenThesaurus.de