Egyptian
Etymology
Compare with Classical Syriac ܦܪܚ ( peraḥ ) .
Pronunciation
Verb
3ae inf.
( intransitive ) to fly
Inflection
Conjugation of pꜣj (third weak / 3ae inf. / III. inf.) — base stem: pꜣ
infinitival forms
imperative
infinitive
negatival complement
complementary infinitive1
singular
plural
pꜣt , pꜣj
pꜣw , pꜣ
pꜣt , pꜣwt , pꜣyt
pꜣ
pꜣ , pꜣy
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood
active
contingent
aspect / mood
active
perfect
pꜣ.n
consecutive
pꜣ.jn
terminative
pꜣt , pꜣyt
perfective 3
pꜣ
obligative1
pꜣ.ḫr
imperfective
pꜣ , pꜣy
prospective 3
pꜣw , pꜣ , pꜣy
potentialis1
pꜣ.kꜣ
subjunctive
pꜣ , pꜣy
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
participles
active
active
passive
perfect
pꜣ.n
—
—
perfective
pꜣw 1 , pꜣy , pꜣ
pꜣ
pꜣy , pꜣ
imperfective
pꜣ , pꜣy , pꜣw 5
pꜣ , pꜣj 6 , pꜣy 6
pꜣ , pꜣw 5
prospective
pꜣw 1 , pꜣy , pꜣ , pꜣtj 7
pꜣwtj 1 4 , pꜣtj 4 , pꜣt 4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f /.fj , feminine .s /.sj , dual .sn /.snj , plural .sn .
Only in the masculine singular.
Only in the masculine.
Only in the feminine.
Third-person masculine statives of this class often have a final -y instead of the expected stative ending.
Determiner
m sg demonstrative determiner
( Late Egyptian ) this , that
Usage notes
This demonstrative was primarily a determiner but could also be used alone, as a pronoun. When used as a determiner it precedes the noun it describes.
Inflection
Old Egyptian demonstratives
determiners
pronouns1
adverbs
number
singular
dual
plural
unmarked
gender
masculine
feminine
masculine
feminine
masculine
feminine
unmarked
proximal to speaker
pn
tn , jtn
*jpnj
*jptnj
jpn
jptn
nn
—
distal
pf
tf
*jpfj
*jptfj
jpf
jptf
nf
—
proximal to spoken of
pj , pw , py , p
tj , tw , jtw
jpwj
*jptwj
jpw
jptw
nw
—
vocative
pꜣ
tꜣ
—
—
—
—
nꜣ
ꜥꜣ
Unmarked for number and gender, but treated syntactically as masculine plurals when used with participles and relative forms, and as feminine singulars when referred to by resumptive pronouns.
Middle Egyptian demonstratives
determiners and pronouns
adverbs
number
singular
plural1
gender
masculine
feminine
unmarked
proximal
pn
tn
nn
ꜥn
distal
pf , pfꜣ
tf , tfꜣ
nf , nfꜣ
ꜥf
‘copula’; vocative
pw , pwy
tw , twy
nw
—
anaphoric
pꜣ
tꜣ
nꜣ
ꜥꜣ
Joined by n(j) to nouns they modify.
Late Egyptian demonstratives and articles
masculine
feminine
plural
adverb
pronoun
pꜣw
dj
determiners and pronouns
pꜣj
tꜣj
nꜣj
possessive determiners (used with suffix pronouns)
pꜣy
tꜣy
nꜣy
relational pronouns (‘possessive prefixes’)
p-n , pꜣ
t-nt , tꜣ
nꜣyw , nꜣ
definite articles
pꜣ
tꜣ
nꜣ 1
indefinite articles
wꜥ 1
nhꜣy 1
Originally joined by n(j) to nouns they modify; later without it.
References
Junge, Friedrich (2005 ) Late Egyptian Grammar: An Introduction , second English edition, Oxford: Griffith Institute, page 53