View source for ruse

{{also|Ruse|rusé|ruše}}
==English==
{{was wotd|2018|September|25}}

===Etymology===
From {{der|en|enm|rūse||evasive movements of a pursued animal; circuitous course taken by a hunter to pursue a game animal}}, from {{der|en|fro|rëuse}}, {{m|fro|ruse||evasive movements of a pursued animal; trickery}}<ref>{{R:MED Online|entry=rūse|part of speech=n|id=MED38142|accessdate=13 May 2018}}</ref> (modern {{noncog|fr|ruse||trick, ruse; cunning, guile}}), from {{m|fro|ruser||to use cunning, to be crafty, beguile}},<ref>{{R:OED Online|part of speech=n|id=169021|date=March 2011}}</ref> possibly from {{der|en|la|rursus||backward; on the contrary; again, in return}}<ref>{{R:Lexico}}</ref> or {{der|en|la|recūsāre}}, from {{m|la|recūsō||to decline, refuse; to object to, protest, reject}}. {{doublet|en|recuse|rouse}} in the latter case.

The verb is derived from the noun. Compare {{cog|frm|ruser||to use cunning, to be crafty, beguile}};<ref>{{R:OED Online|part of speech=''v.''{{sup|2}}|noformat=yes|id=291588|date=March 2011}}</ref> see further above.

===Pronunciation===
* {{enPR|ro͞oz}}, {{IPA|en|/ɹuːz/|/ɹɪu̯z/}}
* {{audio|en|En-uk-ruse.ogg|a=RP}}
* {{audio|en|En-us-ruse.ogg|a=GA}}
* {{audio|en|en-au-ruse.ogg|a=AU}}
* {{rhymes|en|uːz|s=1}}
* {{homophones|en|roos|rues}}

===Noun===
{{en-noun|~}}

# {{lb|en|countable|often|hunting|archaic|rare}} A [[turning#Noun|turning]] or [[double back|doubling back]], especially of [[animal]]s to get out of the way of [[hunting dog]]s.
#* {{quote-book|en|author=J. T. Newall|chapter=XVII|title=Hog Hunting in the East, and Other Sports|location=London|publisher=[[w:William Tinsley (publisher)|Tinsley Brothers]],{{nb...|18, Catherine St., Strand.}}|year=1867|pages=367–368|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=u5QXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA368|oclc=2292820|passage=The boar was evidently most averse to leave the field in which he had spent so may pleasant hours of uninterrupted rest; {{...}} He turned sharply to one flank; he stopped dead, and went away in the opposite direction as he heard the hunters gallop past; every '''ruse''' he tried, but tried in vain.}}
# {{lb|en|countable|by extension}} An [[action]] [[intend]]ed to [[deceive]]; a [[trick#Noun|trick]].
#: {{nearsyn|en|ploy|stratagem}}
#* {{quote-journal|en|author=“Cecil”|title=Observations on Hunting, with Comparisons of the Usages of the Past and Present Days|magazine=[[w:The Sporting Magazine|The Sporting Magazine, or Monthly Calendar of the Transactions of the Turf, the Chase and Every Other Diversion Interesting to the Man of Pleasure, Enterprise & Spirit]]|location=London|publisher=Published by [J.] Pittman,{{nb...|Warwick Square}}|month=November|year=1839|year_published=1840|volume=XX (2nd Series; volume XCV, Old Series)|issue=CXV|page=53|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=hOsrfB9tohsC&pg=PA53|oclc=385568558|passage=It must be borne in mind that huntsmen sometimes make casts which they know must lose them their fox: {{...}} At the same time, it would be bad policy to explain these little matters: some parties, who are not sufficiently acquainted with the management of hounds, might be discontented, whereas by such a '''''ruse''''' no offence is given, as nine-tenths of the Field are not aware that it is not the most likely cast to recover the scent.}}
#* {{quote-book|en|author=[[w:Thomas Mayne Reid|[Thomas] Mayne]]|chapter=How Congo the Kaffir Killed a Lioness|title=The Young Yägers: Or, A Narrative of Hunting Adventures in Southern Africa|location=London|publisher=David Bogue,{{nb...|Fleet Street}}|year=1857|pages=64–65|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=E60BAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA64|oclc=228702385|passage=He was soon upon his feet, another assegai whistled through the air, and pierced through the neck of the lioness. But, as before, the wound was not fatal, and the animal, now enraged to a frenzy, charged once more upon her assailant. So rapid was her advance that it was with great difficulty Congo got under cover. A moment later, and his '''''ruse''''' would have failed, for the claws of the lion rattled upon the shield as it descended.}}
#* {{quote-book|en|chapter=Sixty-eighth Day.—Tuesday, August 7th, 1873.|editor=[[w:Edward Kenealy|[Edward] Kenealy]]|title=[[w:Tichborne case|The Trial at Bar of Sir Roger C. D. Tichborne, Bart.,{{nb...|in the Court of Queens Bench at Westminster, before Lord Chief Justice Cockburn, Mr. Justice Mellor, and Mr. Justice Lush, for Perjury, Commencing Tuesday, August 5, 1873, and Continued to Friday, August 29, 1873.}}]]|location=London|publisher="Englishman" Office, Bouverie Street, Fleet Street, London|date=7 August 1873|year_published=1877|volume=IV|page=69|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ycrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA69|column=2|oclc=977621727|passage=I have that strong impression on my mind that a person who is guilty of a '''ruse''' will hesitate at no falsehood. If it was a '''ruse''', and if it was a deceit, you are to judge whether that elevates the persons in your mind who are parties to that trick.}}
#* {{quote-journal|en|author=Fred R. Hurworth|title=The Alchemist: A Story of the Days of Robin Hood|newspaper=[[w:The Boy's Own Paper|The Boy’s Own Paper]]|location=London|publisher="Boy's Own Paper" Office,{{nb...|4 Bouverie Street, E.C.}}|month=May|year=1922|volume=XLV, part 7|section=chapter I|page=474|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=IsPnAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA474|column=1|oclc=870086995|passage=Soon, however, Courvoisier forced matters, when, despairing of ever catching the wily outlaw leader by fair means, he resorted to the '''ruse''' of carrying off Friar Tuck of Copmanhurst and holding him as a hostage.}}
#* {{quote-book|en|author=L[eslie] C. Green|chapter=Conduct of Hostilities: Maritime|title=The Contemporary Law of Armed Conflict|series=Melland Schill Monographs in International Law|location=Manchester; New York, N.Y.|publisher=w:Manchester University Press|year=1993|page=169|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=tcTmAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA169|isbn=978-0-7190-3540-1|passage=Warships, whether surface or submarine, may use '''ruses''' and strategems. They may sail under false flags, both enemy and neutral, but before going into action whether at sea or if about to attack a land target they must strike any false colours and raise their own battle colours. It would be perfidy for them to use the red cross or crescent or any other protected emblem in this way.}}
#* {{quote-journal|en|author=John R. Meyer|title=The Brave New World of Embryonic Stem Cell Research: Utilitarian Consequentialism and Faulty Moral Reasoning|editors=Eugene F. Diamond; John J. Brennan|journal=[[w:The Linacre Quarterly|The Linacre Quarterly: Journal of the Catholic Medical Association]]|location=Needham, Mass.|publisher=w:Catholic Medical Association|month=November|year=2005|volume=72|issue=1|section=footnote 2|page=327|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=wMsJAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA327|doi=10.1080/20508549.2005.11877764|issn=0024-3639|oclc=1588532|passage=The terminological distinction between reproductive and therapeutic cloning is a semantic '''ruse''', as every instance of human cloning is a true reproducive act. That is to say, the intended purpose of this research is to produce a new human being with human embryonic stem cells.}}
#* {{quote-web|en|author=Anthony Wile (interviewer); w:Jeffrey Tucker|title=Exclusive Interview: Jeffrey Tucker on Laissez Faire Books, Intellectual Property Rights and ‘Beautiful Anarchy’|url=https://www.thedailybell.com/exclusive-interviews/anthony-wile-jeffrey-tucker-on-laissez-faire-books-intellectual-property-rights-and-beautiful-anarchy/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808193723/https://www.thedailybell.com/exclusive-interviews/anthony-wile-jeffrey-tucker-on-laissez-faire-books-intellectual-property-rights-and-beautiful-anarchy/|archivedate=8 August 2017|work=The Daily Bell|date=12 August 2012|passage=Politics is a dirty business, a '''ruse''', an ideological cul-de-sac, a vast looter of intellectual and financial resources, a lie that corrupts, a deceiver, a means of unleashing vast evil in the world of the most unexpected and undetected sort and the greatest diverter of human productivity ever concocted by those who do not believe in authentic social and economic progress.}}
# {{lb|en|uncountable}} [[cunning#Noun|Cunning]], [[guile]], [[trickery]].
#* {{quote-book|en|author=[[w:George Kitchin|G[eorge] W[illiam] Kitchin]]|chapter=The Deeds of [[w:Charles V of France|Charles V]], ‘the Wise.’ {{smallcaps|a.d.}} 1360–1380.|title=A History of France down to the Year 1453|series=Clarendon Press Series|location=Oxford|publisher=At the [[w:Oxford University Press|University Press]]|year=1873|pages=456–457|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=UHIxAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA456|oclc=854848200|passage=[H]e &#91;{{w|Bertrand du Guesclin}}&#93; had great natural cunning, that half-savage quality, was full of '''ruse''' and trick in war, he was contemptuous towards the high noblesse, but gentle to the poor, and generous to his friends.}}
#* {{quote-book|en|author=w:Benerson Little|chapter=Houses, Towns, and Cities Sacked: The Sea Rover as a Soldier|title=The Sea Rover’s Practice: Pirate Tactics and Techniques, 1630–1730|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=[[w:University of Nebraska Press|Potomac Books]]|year=2005|isbn=978-1-57488-910-9|edition2=1st paperback|location2=Washington, D.C.|publisher2=Potomac Books|year2=2007|page2=190|pageurl2=https://books.google.com/books?id=dgne1L6IV8sC&pg=PA190|isbn2=978-1-57488-911-6|passage=A French privateer operating under an English commission raided Massacre Island at the mouth of Mobile Bay in 1710, robbing its warehouse of thousands of deerskins and other pelts, as well as of naval stores. They took the small place by '''ruse'''.}}

====Related terms====
* {{l|en|ruse de guerre}}
* {{l|en|recuse}}

====Translations====
{{trans-top|turning or doubling back}}
* Finnish: {{t|fi|ketunlenkki}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|скидка}}
* Turkish: {{t|tr|hile; dalavere}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top-also|action intended to deceive|trick}}
* Aramaic:
*: Classical Syriac: {{t|syc|ܦܘܪܣܐ}}
* Azerbaijani: {{t+|az|qurğu}}
* Catalan: {{t+|ca|truc|m}}, {{t+|ca|ardit|m}}
* Chinese:
*: Mandarin: {{t|cmn|鬼計|tr=[[guǐjì]]}}, {{t+|cmn|伎倆|tr=jìliǎng}}, {{t+|cmn|騙術|tr=piànshù}}, {{t+|cmn|玄虛|tr=xuánxū}}
* Czech: {{t+|cs|lest|f}}, {{t|cs|úskok|m}}, {{t+|cs|trik}}
* Dutch: {{t+|nl|truc|m}}, {{t+|nl|truuk|m}}
*: Middle Dutch: {{t|dum|strēke|m|f}}
* Esperanto: {{t|eo|ruzo}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|juoni}}, {{t+|fi|temppu}}
* French: {{t+|fr|ruse|f}}, {{t+|fr|finasserie|f}}
*: Old French: {{t|fro|barat|m}}, {{t|fro|boisdie|f}}, {{t|fro|cuintise|f}}, {{t|fro|engignement|f}}, {{t|fro|engin|m}}, {{t|fro|guische|f}}, {{t|fro|trecherie|f}}, {{t|fro|tricerie|f}}, {{t|fro|veisdie|f}}
* Georgian: {{t+|ka|ხრიკი}}
* German: {{t+|de|Kniff|m}}, {{t+|de|List|f}}, {{t+|de|Finte|f}}
* Greek:
*: Ancient: {{t|grc|δόλωμα|n}}
* Hebrew: {{t+|he|תַּחְבּוּלָה|f|tr=taḥbulá}}
* Hindi: {{t+|hi|छल|m}}, {{t|hi|फ़रेब|m}}
* Hungarian: {{t+|hu|csel|f}}, {{t+|hu|fortély}}
* Japanese: {{t+|ja|計略|tr=[[けいりゃく]], [[keiryaku]]}}
* Kannada: {{t+|kn|ಕಪಟ}}
* Korean: {{t+|ko|기계}}
* Macedonian: {{t|mk|лу́кавство|n}}, {{t|mk|и́змама|f}}
* Maori: {{t|mi|nuka}}
* Mongolian: {{t+|mn|арга}}, {{t+|mn|шалтаг}}
* Ottoman Turkish: {{t|ota|اویون|tr=oyun}}
* Persian: {{t+|fa|کید}}
* Polish: {{t+|pl|mistyfikacja|f}}, {{t+|pl|podstęp|m}}, {{t+|pl|wybieg|m}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|ardil|m}}, {{t+|pt|artimanha|f}}, {{t+|pt|lábia|f}}, {{t+|pt|treta|f}}, {{t+|pt|truque|m}}, {{t|pt|estrangeirinha|f}}
* Punjabi: {{t|pa|ਦਾ|m}}, {{t|pa|دا|m}}
* Romanian: {{t+|ro|șmecherie|f}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|кунштю́к|m}}, {{t+|ru|нако́лка|f}}, {{t+|ru|уло́вка|f}}, {{t+|ru|ухищре́ние|n}}, {{t+|ru|хи́трость|f}}
* Scots: {{t|sco|'bootgates}}
* Scottish Gaelic: {{t|gd|innleachd|f}}
* Serbo-Croatian: {{t+|sh|lȕkāvstvo|n}}, {{t|sh|лу̏ка̄вство|n}}, {{t+|sh|smȉcalica|f}}, {{t|sh|сми̏цалица|f}}, {{t+|sh|ujdùrma|f}}, {{t|sh|ујду̀рма|f}}, {{t+|sh|vȃrka|f}}, {{t|sh|ва̑рка}}
* Slovak: {{t|sk|lesť|f}}
* Spanish: {{t+|es|asechanza|f}}, {{t+|es|artimaña|f}}, {{t+|es|trácala|f}} {{qualifier|Latin America}}, {{t+|es|truco|m}}, {{t+|es|zancadilla|f}}
* Swedish: {{t+|sv|knep|n}}, {{t+|sv|trick|n}}
* Tagalog: {{t|tl|talimangmang}}
* Thai: {{t|th|ลูกไม้|tr=lûuk-mái}}
* Turkish: {{t+|tr|katakulli}}, {{t+|tr|oyun}}
* Ukrainian: {{t|uk|хитрість}}, {{t|uk|виверт}}
* Vietnamese: {{t+|vi|mẹo}}
* Wauja: {{t|wau|minyulitai}}
* Welsh: {{t|cy|dichell|f}}, {{t|cy|ystryw|m|f}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|guile, trickery}}
* Bulgarian: {{t+|bg|хитрост|f}}
* Czech: {{t|cs|úskočnost|f}}
* Dutch: {{t+|nl|afleidingsmanoeuvre|m|n}}, {{t+|nl|schijnbeweging|f}}
* Esperanto: {{t|eo|ruzo}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|juoni}}
* French: {{t+|fr|ruse|f}}
* German: {{t+|de|Betrügerei|f}}, {{t+|de|Trick|m}}, {{t+|de|Ablenkungsmanöver|n}}, {{t+|de|Täuschungsmanöver|n}}
* Macedonian: {{t|mk|и́трина|f}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|maracutaia|f}}
* Scottish Gaelic: {{t|gd|mealladh}}
* Spanish: {{t+|es|astucia|f}}
* Swedish: {{t|sv|avledningsmanöver|c}}, {{t+|sv|skenmanöver}}
* Turkish: {{t|tr|hile; kurnazlık}}
* Ukrainian: {{t|uk|хитрощі}}, {{t|uk|обман}}
{{trans-bottom}}

===Verb===
{{en-verb}}

# {{lb|en|intransitive}} To [[deceive]] or [[trick#Verb|trick]] using a [[#Noun|ruse]].
#* {{quote-book|en|author=w:Herbert Gold|chapter=Then Visited from the Jungle to Jungles|title=The Man who was Not with It|location=Boston, Mass.|publisher=w:Little, Brown and Company|year=1956|oclc=906058431|title2=The Man who was Not with It|series2=Second Edition Books|location2=Chapel Hill, N.C.|publisher2=[[w:Workman Publishing Company|Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill]]|year2=1987|page2=37|pageurl2=https://books.google.com/books?id=9X_TF9YE5FIC&pg=PA37|isbn2=978-0-912697-69-7|passage=Anyway, no man can escape the woman he considers too much '''rused''' for him: tear her down or run away toward her if he can't meet her head-and-hind on.}}
#* {{quote-book|en|author=w:Jean-François Lyotard; Jean-Loup Thébald|tlr=w:Wlad Godzich|title=Just Gaming|series=Theory and History of Literature|seriesvolume=20|location=Minneapolis, Minn.|publisher=w:University of Minnesota Press|year=1985|year_published=1999|page=41|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=7SQSmNeTAuwC&pg=PA41|isbn=978-0-8166-1281-9|passage=And, in a way, s/he is already told, and what s/he him/herself is telling will not undo the fact that somewhere else s/he is told, but it will "'''ruse'''" with this; it will offer a variant in the form and even in the story.}}
#* {{quote-book|en|author=w:Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak|chapter=Finding Feminist Readings: Dante–Yeats|title=In Other Worlds: Essays in Cultural Politics|location=Abingdon, Oxon.; New York, N.Y.|publisher=w:Routledge|year=1998|page=21|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=S6QsvDyroWkC&pg=PA21|isbn=978-0-415-38956-3|passage=Even at that, the most plausible way of understanding, "the text deconstructs itself" is surely that the text signals the itinerary of its desire to be "about something," and that this itinerary must '''ruse''' over the open-endedness of the field of meaning; at a certain point, it is possible to locate the moment when the '''rusing''' reveals itself as the structure of  unresolvable self-cancellings.}}
#* {{quote-book|en|author=Lee Kierig|chapter=Ain’t No School, Quite Like, No Skool|title=Where, is Infinite Love? Public Welfare, Human Responsibility and Sustainability of Earth: A Letter to Humanity|location=New York, N.Y.|publisher=Strategic Book Publishing|year=2009|page=225|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=qJ8XNvAQoIQC&pg=PA225|isbn=978-1-60693-816-4|passage=In all types, manners and forms, empire “bilderz” come forward '''rusing''' out their favorite lines and spew. A sale just means yer not bein' gouged as much, doesn't it?}}
#* {{quote-book|en|author=w:Paul de Man|chapter=Mallarmé (1960)|editor=w:Martin McQuillan|title=The Post-Romantic Predicament|location=Edinburgh|publisher=w:Edinburgh University Press|year=2012|section=part II (Igitur)|page=73|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=mqdvAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA73|isbn=978-0-7486-4105-5|passage=Moreover, since we have now reached an extreme point in the development of consciousness, and know our own selves through and through, no 'ultimate self-doubt' remains which would allow us to '''ruse''' with death&nbsp;– as when, in [[w:Blaise Pascal|Pascal]]'s wager, it is the doubt about the afterlife which determines the choice.}}
# {{lb|en|intransitive|hunting|archaic|rare}} Of an [[animal]]: to [[turn#Verb|turn]] or [[double back]] to [[elude]] [[hunter]]s or their [[hunting dog]]s.
#* {{rfc-sense|en|wrong language: by date, this is Middle English (enm) and not English (en). WP notes: "The text was presented for the first time ... in modern English", which is translation and not edition and yields another year}} {{quote-book|en|author=Edward, Second Duke of York [''i.e.'', {{w|Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York}}]|chapter=Of the Hart and His Nature|editors=[[w:William Adolf Baillie Grohman|W[illia]m A[dolf] Baillie-Grohman]]; F[lorence] Baillie-Grohman|title=[[w:The Master of Game|The Master of Game by Edward, Second Duke of York: The Oldest English Book on Hunting]]|location=London|publisher=w:Chatto & Windus|year=c. 1425|year_published=1909|page=33|pageurl=https://archive.org/stream/masterofgameo00edwa#page/33/mode/1up|oclc=7391857537|passage=And he [the hart] fleeth then mightily and far from the hounds, that is to say he hath gone a great way from them, then he will go into the [[stank#Etymology 2|stank]], and will soil therein once or twice in all the stank and then he will come out again by the same way that he went in, and then he shall '''ruse''' again the same way that he came (the length of) a bow shot or more, and then he shall '''ruse''' out of the way, for to stall or squatt to rest him, and that he doeth for he knoweth well that the hounds shall come by the fues [footing] into the stank where he was.}}
#* {{quote-book|en|author=Marcelle Thiébaux|chapter=Medieval Allegories of the Love Chase|title=The Stag of Love: The Chase in Medieval Literature|location=Ithaca, N.Y.; London|publisher=w:Cornell University Press|year=1974|year_published=2014|page=190|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=LzBKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA190|isbn=978-0-8014-7969-4|passage=With these whelps [the hunting dogs] who know the way but are in danger of being baffled by the '''rusing''' stag, the hunter sends the reliable old ''harre'' (perseverance). He is indispensable, as he has often confronted the stag at bay.}}
#* {{quote-book|en|editor=Jean-Charles Seigneuret|chapter=Hunt|title=Dictionary of Literary Themes and Motifs|volume=1 (A–J)|location=Westport, Conn.|publisher=[[w:Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood Press]]|year=1988|page=642|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=OCHXr3RIETQC&pg=PA642|isbn=978-0-313-26396-5|passage=In the parallel hunt of Octovian, the hart has '''rused''' and momentarily escaped. With the death of White, the Knight's heart is wounded and his life is endangered but he escapes for a time as does the hart, though the hunter Death will ultimately be successful in both cases.}}
#* {{quote-book|en|author=w:Thomas S. Henricks|chapter=Sport in the Later Middle Ages|title=Disputed Pleasures: Sport and Society in Preindustrial England|series=Contributions to the Study of World History|seriesvolume=no. 28|location=Westport, Conn.|publisher=[[w:Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood Press]]|year=1991|page=46|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=91xjXRYPyKYC&pg=PA46|isbn=978-0-313-27453-4|issn=0885-9159|passage=Sometimes the stag would throw the hounds off the scent by a series of clever ruses—for example, by retracing a part of his path and leaping dramatically in one direction. {{...}} Ultimately, the stag would tire, and its signals of exhaustion (short '''rusing''' runs, downwind flight, and the narrowing of the toe prints) would be evident to the trackers.}}

====Translations====
{{trans-top|to turn or double back to elude hunters or their hunting dogs}}
{{trans-bottom}}

===References===
<references />

===Anagrams===
* {{anagrams|en|a=ersu|U.S.-er|US'er|rues|useR|sure|U.S.er|user|Ersu|Rues|U.S.'er|Reus|suer|ures|US-er|ERUs}}

==Danish==
{{wikipedia|lang=da}}

===Etymology===
From {{inh|da|gmq-oda|ruse}}, ultimately from the same root as {{m|da|rør|t=pipe, reed}}, from which the rushes were braided. Also related to {{cog|de|Reuse|t=fish-trap}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|da|/ruːsə/|[ˈʁoːsə]}}

===Noun===
{{da-noun|n|r}}

# [[fish-trap]]

====Inflection====
{{da-noun-infl|n|r}}

==Esperanto==

===Etymology===
{{suffix|eo|rusa|e|gloss1=Russian}} (adverbial suffix).

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|eo|/ˈru.se/}}
* {{audio|eo|LL-Q143 (epo)-Robin van der Vliet-ruse.wav}}

===Adverb===
{{eo-head}}

# in the [[Russian]] language
# in the manner of a [[Russian]] person

====Related terms====
* {{l|eo|rusa|gloss=Russian}}
* {{l|eo|Rusio|gloss=[[Russia]]}}
* {{l|eo|ruso|gloss=a Russian person}}

{{C|eo|Languages|Russia}}

==French==

===Etymology===
From {{m|fr|ruser}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{fr-IPA}}
* {{audio|fr|Fr-la ruse.ogg}}
* {{audio|fr|Fr-ruse.ogg}}

===Noun===
{{fr-noun|f}}

# {{lb|fr|uncountable}} [[cunning]], [[guile]]
# [[ruse#English|ruse]], [[trick]]

====Derived terms====
* {{l|fr|ruse de Sioux}}

===Further reading===
* {{R:fr:TLFi}}

===Anagrams===
* {{l|fr|rues}}, {{l|fr|suer}}, {{l|fr|sure}}, {{l|fr|sûre}}, {{l|fr|user}}

==Middle Dutch==

===Etymology===
{{rfe|dum}}

===Noun===
{{dum-noun|m}}

# {{topics|dum|Demonyms}} [[Russian]]

====Inflection====
{{rfinfl|dum|noun}}

====Derived terms====
* {{l|dum|rusch}}

====Further reading====
* {{R:MNW|47613|rusch|III}}
* {{R:MNW|47620|ruse|IV}}

==Middle English==

===Etymology 1===
{{bor+|enm|xno|reuse|nocap=1}}, {{m|xno|ruse}}; compare {{m|enm|rusen}}.

====Pronunciation====
* {{IPA|enm|/ˈriu̯z(ə)/}}

====Noun====
{{head|enm|noun}} {{tlb|enm|rare|Late ME}}

# The [[evasive]] [[movement]]s of a [[pursue]]d [[animal]].
# A [[circuitous]] [[course]] taken by a [[hunter]] to pursue a [[game]] animal.

=====Descendants=====
* {{desc|en|ruse}}

=====References=====
* {{R:MED Online|entry=rūse|pos=n|id=MED38142}}

===Etymology 2===

====Verb====
{{head|enm|verb}}

# {{tlb|enm|Northern ME}} {{alt form|enm|rosen|t=to boast|id=to boast}}

===Etymology 3===

====Verb====
{{head|enm|verb}}

# {{alt form|enm|rusen}}

{{C|enm|Hunting}}

==Norwegian Bokmål==

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|nb|/ˈrʉːsə/}}

===Etymology 1===
{{root|nb|ine-pro|*h₃rewk-}} {{root|nb|ine-pro|*h₃er-}} {{root|nb|ine-pro|*Hrew-}}
Possibly from a {{der|nb|cel|-}} word, from {{der|nb|cel-gau|rusca}}, from {{der|nb|cel-pro|*rūskos||bark}}, possibly from earlier {{m|cel-pro|*rukskos}}, from {{der|nb|ine-pro|*h₃rewk-||to dig, till (soil)}}, perhaps from {{der|nb|ine-pro|*h₃er-||to move, stir, rise, quarrel}} or {{m|ine-pro|*Hrew-||to tear out, dig out, open, acquire}}.

Cognate with {{cog|da|ruse||fish trap}}, {{cog|sv|ryssja||fish trap}} and {{cog|de|Reuse||fish trap}}.

====Noun====
{{nb-noun-f1}}

# [[fish trap]]

===Etymology 2===
{{rfe|no}}

====Verb====
{{head|nb|verb|imperative|rus|present tense|ruser|passive|ruses|simple past|rusa|or|ruset|or|ruste|past participle|rusa|or|ruset|or|rust|present participle|rusende}}

# to [[rev]] an engine
# to [[rush]]

===Etymology 3===
{{rfe|no}}

====Verb====
{{head|nb|verb|imperative|rus|present tense|ruser|passive|ruses|simple past and past participle|rusa|or|ruset|present participle|rusende}}

# {{lb|nb|reflexive}} To use illegal [[drugs]]
# to [[intoxicate]]

===References===
* {{R:Dokpro|lang=nb}}

==Norwegian Nynorsk==

===Verb===
{{head|nn|verb}}

# {{alternative form of|nn|rusa}}

==Old French==

===Etymology===
Probably based on {{der|fro|la|rursus|t=backwards}}

===Noun===
{{fro-noun|f}}

# evasive movements of a pursued animal
# {{lb|fro|by extension}} [[trickery]]
# {{lb|fro|by extension}} [[dream]]; [[daydream]]; [[fantasy]]
# {{lb|fro|by extension}} [[lie]]; [[untruth]]

====Descendants====
* {{desc|en|ruse|bor=1}}
* {{desc|fr|ruse}}

===Further reading===
* {{R:OED}}

==Polish==

===Pronunciation===
{{pl-pr}}

===Adjective===
{{head|pl|adjective form}}

# {{inflection of|pl|rusy||n|nom//acc//voc|s|;|nv|nom//acc//voc|p}}

==Romanian==

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|ro|/ˈruse/}}

===Adjective===
{{head|ro|adjective form|g=f-p|g2=n-p}}

# {{inflection of|ro|rus||f//n|p}}